{"schemaVersion":"fte.public-glossary.v1","title":"FindThatEdge glossary","canonicalPath":"/glossary","count":1940,"entries":[{"id":1,"term":"0x","genz":"The swap engine behind the scenes. 0x gives developers the tools to put crypto trading inside their apps without building an exchange from scratch. ZRX lets holders have a say in protocol governance.","plain":"0x is a protocol developers can use to add cryptocurrency trading to their applications. Its governance token, ZRX, allows holders to participate in decisions about the protocol.","technical":"0x provides infrastructure for decentralized digital-asset exchange, including smart contracts used to settle trades. Applications can integrate this infrastructure into their trading workflows. ZRX is the protocol’s governance token.","proposed":false},{"id":2,"term":"1inch","genz":"Liquidity pools are the token stash that makes swaps possible. The 1inch liquidity protocol lets users contribute to that stash and potentially earn rewards. But “earning yield” doesn’t mean “risk has left the chat.”","plain":"The 1inch liquidity protocol lets people deposit cryptocurrency into pools that support trading. Depositors may earn fees or incentives, but changes in token prices can leave them worse off than simply holding their assets.","technical":"The source describes the 1inch Liquidity Protocol, an automated market maker using virtual balances to influence swap pricing. Liquidity providers supply pool assets and may receive trading fees or incentive tokens. Returns depend on pool activity, incentive availability, and exposure to impermanent loss. Scope note: this describes the liquidity protocol, not the entire 1inch ecosystem.","proposed":false},{"id":3,"term":"3D Model Rendering","genz":"You’ve built the digital object. Rendering gives it the glow-up: lighting, colours, textures, and shadows turn it into the image or animation people actually see.","plain":"Rendering turns a computer-generated 3D model into a finished picture or animation. Software calculates how the object should look based on its materials, lighting, and viewing angle.","technical":"3D rendering generates two-dimensional images from a three-dimensional scene. A rendering engine processes geometry, materials, textures, lighting, and camera parameters to calculate the output. Computational requirements vary with scene complexity and rendering technique.","proposed":false},{"id":4,"term":"401(k) Plan","genz":"A retirement pot through your job. You put money in for future-you, and your employer might add some too. Tax perks can help, but pulling money out early can come with consequences.","plain":"A 401(k) is a US workplace retirement savings plan. Employees contribute part of their pay, and some employers contribute additional money. Tax treatment depends on the type of contribution, and limits and withdrawal rules apply.","technical":"A 401(k) is a US employer-sponsored defined-contribution retirement plan. It permits eligible employees to make elective salary contributions and may include employer matching or other employer contributions. Traditional and Roth contributions have different tax treatment; contribution and distribution rules apply.","proposed":false},{"id":5,"term":"51% Attack","genz":"One group gets enough mining power to start bullying the blockchain’s recent history. They could block payments or undo their own recent payment to spend the money again. They don’t suddenly get everyone’s wallet passwords.","plain":"A 51% attack happens when an attacker controls a majority of a proof-of-work blockchain’s mining power. This can let them disrupt transactions or reverse recent payments they made. It does not give them permission to spend other people’s coins.","technical":"On a proof-of-work blockchain, majority control of hash power can allow an attacker to produce a competing chain that overtakes the honest chain. This enables transaction censorship and reorganizations that support double-spending. It does not permit forging signatures or making invalid transactions valid. Correction: the original describes control of most nodes. For proof-of-work networks, the relevant measure is mining power—not node count.","proposed":false},{"id":6,"term":"Aave","genz":"Aave is crypto’s lending pool: supply assets to potentially earn interest, or put up collateral to borrow. Flash loans are the speedrun version—borrow and repay within one transaction, or the whole thing gets cancelled.","plain":"Aave is a decentralized lending and borrowing protocol. Users can supply cryptocurrency to earn interest or borrow against collateral. It also offers flash loans, which must be repaid within the same transaction.","technical":"Aave uses smart contracts to operate liquidity markets. Suppliers receive aTokens representing their supplied positions, while borrowers generally maintain collateral subject to liquidation thresholds. Flash loans provide uncollateralized liquidity conditional on repayment, including any applicable fee, before the transaction completes. Correction: ordinary lending interest primarily comes from borrowing activity, not exchange trading fees.","proposed":false},{"id":7,"term":"AAVE Token","genz":"AAVE is a governance token: it gives holders a voice in how the Aave protocol develops. Think voting power—not a guaranteed payday.","plain":"AAVE is a token used to participate in Aave’s governance. Holders can take part in decisions about proposals to change the protocol, subject to its governance rules.","technical":"AAVE is an ERC-20 governance token associated with the Aave protocol. It supports participation in governance processes, including voting and delegation, under the protocol’s proposal and voting requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":8,"term":"Acala USD Stablecoin — aUSD","genz":"aUSD was designed to stick close to one US dollar, backed by crypto collateral. Important plot twist: a dollar target is a design goal, not a promise that the market price can never move.","plain":"aUSD was designed as a dollar-pegged stablecoin in the Acala ecosystem. Its original system allowed users to deposit cryptocurrency as collateral and borrow aUSD against it. A stablecoin’s target price should not be confused with a guaranteed value.","technical":"The original aUSD design used collateralized debt positions in Acala’s Honzon protocol to issue a USD-targeting asset against approved crypto collateral. Collateral requirements, debt management, and liquidation mechanisms supported the intended peg. Historical definition: the original entry should not be used as confirmation of current availability, backing, or peg performance.","proposed":false},{"id":9,"term":"Account Abstraction Layer — AAL","genz":"Qtum’s compatibility translator. It helps Bitcoin-style transaction bookkeeping work with Ethereum-style smart-contract accounts, so the two systems can understand each other.","plain":"Qtum’s Account Abstraction Layer connects two different ways of recording blockchain activity. It allows account-based smart contracts to work with Qtum’s transaction-output-based foundation.","technical":"Qtum’s AAL bridges its UTXO-based transaction architecture and the account-based state model used by its smart-contract execution environment. This enables contract execution within a blockchain whose underlying value-transfer model is UTXO-based. Scope note: this is Qtum’s specific AAL, not a general definition of smart-wallet account abstraction.","proposed":false},{"id":10,"term":"Account Model","genz":"Blockchain bookkeeping with an account balance. Send tokens, and the system updates who has what. Smart contracts can keep their own data too.","plain":"An account-based blockchain records balances and other information against individual accounts. Transactions update those records—for example, reducing the sender’s balance and increasing the recipient’s.","technical":"The account model represents blockchain state through address-associated records, such as balances, nonces, code, and contract storage. Transactions produce state transitions by updating these records. This differs from the UTXO model, which tracks unspent outputs that transactions consume and create.","proposed":false},{"id":11,"term":"Account-Checker Tool","genz":"A bot that tries lists of usernames and passwords against websites. When attackers use stolen logins, it’s basically “does your old password unlock anything else?” at scale.","plain":"Software that automatically tests login details across websites. Criminals often use it to find accounts where people have reused compromised passwords.","technical":"An automation tool that validates username–password pairs against authentication endpoints. Using previously compromised credentials to access unrelated services is known as credential stuffing.","proposed":false},{"id":12,"term":"Accredited Investor","genz":"An eligibility badge for certain investment opportunities. You qualify through specific financial or professional criteria—not because you’re a trading genius. Access unlocked; profits absolutely not guaranteed.","plain":"An investor who meets particular financial or professional requirements and can access some investments unavailable to the general public. Qualification rules vary by jurisdiction, and these investments can carry substantial risks.","technical":"A regulatory investor classification based on jurisdiction-specific criteria such as income, net worth, professional qualifications, or institutional status. It can determine eligibility for certain securities offerings but does not certify investment competence or product safety.","proposed":false},{"id":13,"term":"Acquirer Node — Crypto.com · historical","genz":"The behind-the-scenes payment coordinator. In the architecture described, customer-side and merchant-side nodes helped move a purchase from “paying…” to “payment settled.”","plain":"A type of node described in Crypto.com’s earlier payment architecture. Customer and merchant acquirer nodes worked together to check payment information and help settle transactions.","technical":"A role in the described Crypto.com payment architecture that coordinated customer–merchant transaction processing. Separate customer and merchant acquirer nodes supported verification, settlement, and escrow functions.","proposed":false},{"id":14,"term":"Adaptive Information Dispersal Algorithm — Harmony","genz":"Instead of making everyone download one giant block-shaped parcel, split the data into recoverable pieces and spread it around. Less delivery bottleneck, faster group catch-up.","plain":"A method for distributing blockchain data efficiently. It divides and encodes information so it can travel across the network and be reconstructed even when some pieces are missing.","technical":"Harmony’s described block-propagation approach combines information dispersal with erasure coding, including RaptorQ. Encoded fragments enable recipients to reconstruct block data after receiving sufficient pieces, supporting efficient communication across the sharded network.","proposed":false},{"id":15,"term":"Adaptive State Sharding — Elrond Network","genz":"Blockchain teamwork: split the workload into squads instead of making every computer do everything. Adjust the squads as the network changes. More parallel effort, less “everyone queue here.”","plain":"A scaling method that divides blockchain data, transactions, and participating computers into groups called shards. These groups process work in parallel, with their organisation adjusted as needed.","technical":"The described architecture combines state, transaction, and network sharding. It distributes storage and execution responsibilities across shards and supports changes to shard organisation, including splitting and merging, to accommodate network conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":16,"term":"Admin Key","genz":"The protocol’s privileged backstage pass. Depending on the permissions, its holder might pause features or change settings. Useful for emergencies; scary if the wrong person gets it.","plain":"A cryptographic key with special authority over a system or smart contract. It may allow upgrades, emergency pauses, or configuration changes. Its security and ownership are important trust considerations.","technical":"A credential controlling privileged contract or protocol functions. Its authority depends on the access-control implementation and may include upgrades, parameter changes, or pausing. Compromise or misuse creates risks proportional to those permissions.","proposed":false},{"id":17,"term":"ARPANET","genz":"One of the internet’s ancestors. Before Wi-Fi passwords and endless scrolling, ARPANET helped prove that computers could share information by sending it around in packets.","plain":"An early US-funded computer network that helped lay the foundations for the internet. It pioneered practical packet-switched networking and later adopted TCP/IP.","technical":"ARPANET was a pioneering packet-switched research network funded by the US Advanced Research Projects Agency. It contributed to internetworking development and transitioned to TCP/IP, helping establish the foundations of the modern internet.","proposed":false},{"id":18,"term":"Aeternity Blockchain","genz":"A blockchain toolkit for apps that need programmable agreements and outside-world information. State channels handle some interactions off-chain, while oracles bring external data into the mix.","plain":"A blockchain designed for smart-contract applications. Its features include tools for receiving external information, processing some activity outside the main chain, and participating in governance.","technical":"Aeternity is a smart-contract blockchain whose architecture includes the Sophia language, FATE virtual machine, state channels, and integrated oracle functionality. These components support programmable applications and off-chain interactions with on-chain settlement mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":19,"term":"Airdrop","genz":"Tokens land in eligible wallets—sometimes as a reward, sometimes as promotion. Nice surprise, but “free tokens” can still come with claim fees, conditions, or a scam wearing a party hat.","plain":"A distribution of tokens to selected or eligible users, often to reward participation or promote a project. Some distributions require users to claim their tokens and pay network fees.","technical":"A token-distribution mechanism that allocates assets to addresses according to eligibility criteria. Delivery may be automatic or claim-based, and allocations can depend on snapshots, prior activity, ownership, or other project-defined conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":20,"term":"Airnode — API3","genz":"An API’s bridge into blockchain apps. The data provider can deliver its own information to smart contracts without needing a separate oracle operator to speak for it.","plain":"Software that helps an API provider supply data to blockchain applications. It supports a first-party oracle model, where the organisation providing the data also operates the connection.","technical":"Airnode is oracle software designed to connect off-chain APIs with smart contracts. It enables API providers to operate first-party oracle infrastructure, reducing reliance on separate intermediary node operators for data delivery.","proposed":false},{"id":21,"term":"Alameda Research · historical","genz":"Once a major crypto trading name; later part of the FTX collapse. A reminder that “big player” and “safe player” are not the same thing.","plain":"Alameda Research was a cryptocurrency trading firm associated with Sam Bankman-Fried and FTX. It collapsed alongside FTX in 2022. The original glossary’s description of it as an active leading liquidity provider is outdated.","technical":"Alameda Research was a quantitative cryptocurrency trading firm involved in proprietary trading and liquidity provision. Closely associated with FTX, it entered bankruptcy proceedings in 2022 and should be described historically rather than as a currently operating market participant.","proposed":false},{"id":22,"term":"Algorand Smart Contract — ASC1","genz":"An on-chain rulebook that actually runs. “If these conditions are met, do this”—executed by the network rather than someone promising to press a button.","plain":"A program that runs on Algorand and applies predefined rules to blockchain activity. Developers use smart contracts to build applications such as exchanges, payment systems, and digital-asset services.","technical":"Algorand smart contracts execute within the Algorand Virtual Machine. Their executable logic is represented as bytecode, with TEAL providing an assembly-language representation. Execution is subject to protocol-defined resource limits and transaction rules.","proposed":false},{"id":23,"term":"Algorand Standard Asset — ASA","genz":"Algorand’s built-in “make a token” toolkit. Coins, collectibles, points—different assets, one native framework. The token existing on-chain doesn’t magically prove what backs it.","plain":"An asset created using Algorand’s built-in token system. ASAs can represent interchangeable tokens or unique items, with settings that determine how they are managed.","technical":"An ASA is a protocol-native asset on Algorand. Asset parameters define characteristics such as supply, divisibility, and administrative roles. Configurable permissions can include management, freezing, and clawback, depending on how the asset is created.","proposed":false},{"id":24,"term":"Algorithmic Stablecoin","genz":"A token trying to keep its price steady through code and economic incentives. Think automated balancing act—not a force field against price crashes.","plain":"A stablecoin that uses programmed mechanisms to help maintain a target price. These may adjust supply or encourage trading around the target. Some designs also use collateral, and the peg can fail.","technical":"A stablecoin whose stabilisation mechanism relies substantially on algorithmic monetary rules or economic incentives. Designs may use supply adjustments, mint-and-redeem systems, or related tokens, sometimes alongside collateral. Stability depends on market behaviour and mechanism resilience.","proposed":false},{"id":25,"term":"Algorithmic Trading","genz":"Give software the trading rules and let it execute. Fast hands, zero feelings—but bad strategy at computer speed is still bad strategy.","plain":"Using computer programs to place or manage trades according to predefined rules. These rules can respond to prices, timing, volume, or other information. Automation does not guarantee profits.","technical":"The automated generation, routing, or execution of orders according to programmed rules or models. Strategies may address execution efficiency, arbitrage, or directional positioning. Risks include faulty models, software defects, poor data, and adverse market conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":26,"term":"All-Time High — ATH","genz":"The highest price on the scoreboard so far. New record unlocked. Whether it stays there is a completely different question.","plain":"The highest recorded price of an asset in the market or dataset being used. Different exchanges and currencies can show different all-time highs.","technical":"The maximum observed price over a specified instrument’s available historical series. Its value depends on the venue, quote currency, measurement method, and completeness of the dataset.","proposed":false},{"id":27,"term":"All-Time Low — ATL","genz":"The lowest price on the scoreboard so far. “Surely it can’t go lower” is not part of the definition.","plain":"The lowest recorded price of an asset in the market or dataset being used. Reaching an all-time low does not mean the price has finished falling.","technical":"The minimum observed price over a specified instrument’s available historical series. Comparisons require consistent venue coverage, quote currency, price methodology, and historical data.","proposed":false},{"id":28,"term":"Allocated Gold","genz":"Not just “the provider owes me some gold.” Specific gold is identified as yours—even if someone else keeps it in the vault.","plain":"Gold held for an owner as specifically identified bars or other units. This differs from an unallocated account, which generally represents a claim for a quantity of gold rather than ownership of particular bars.","technical":"A bullion-holding arrangement in which specific identifiable metal is allocated to an owner. Custody records distinguish those holdings from an unallocated balance, which generally constitutes a claim against the account provider.","proposed":false},{"id":29,"term":"Allocation","genz":"Who gets which slice of the token pie. Team, investors, community, treasury—check both the slice size and when they’re allowed to eat it.","plain":"The portion of tokens, shares, or funds assigned to a person, group, or purpose. Some allocations are available immediately; others are released gradually or locked for a period.","technical":"A designated quantity or proportion of an asset supply or investment pool assigned to a beneficiary or function. Token allocations may be governed by vesting schedules, lockups, distribution conditions, and treasury policies.","proposed":false},{"id":30,"term":"Alpha Coefficient","genz":"Did the strategy add value—or did the whole market just have a good day? Alpha tries to measure the extra performance after accounting for the chosen risk model.","plain":"A measure of how much an investment outperformed or underperformed what a benchmark or risk model would predict. Positive alpha suggests extra performance; negative alpha suggests a shortfall.","technical":"Alpha is the return component not explained by a specified benchmark or factor model. In a CAPM regression, it is the intercept after accounting for market exposure. Its interpretation depends on model selection, measurement period, and statistical uncertainty. Correction: alpha is not simply another name for any raw return above the market.","proposed":false},{"id":31,"term":"Alpha Homora · historical","genz":"Yield farming with a borrowing boost. That boost can magnify rewards—but losses and liquidation risk get the same upgrade.","plain":"A DeFi protocol designed to let users borrow funds to increase their yield-farming positions. It also offered lending opportunities. Borrowing introduces additional costs and the risk of forced liquidation.","technical":"Alpha Homora’s described architecture supports leveraged yield farming through borrowing and liquidity deployment into external DeFi positions. Position returns depend on farming income, borrowing costs, asset movements, and liquidation constraints.","proposed":false},{"id":32,"term":"Alpha Lending · historical","genz":"A shared crypto lending pot: suppliers add funds, borrowers pay to use them, and rates move with the pool’s rules. Smart contracts run the process; they don’t delete the risks.","plain":"A pool-based cryptocurrency lending system. Users supply assets for others to borrow and may earn interest. Smart contracts manage borrowing, repayments, withdrawals, and collateral-related processes.","technical":"Alpha Lending is described as a permissionless pooled lending protocol with algorithmically determined interest rates. Supplier positions are represented by interest-bearing alTokens, while contracts manage liquidity, debt, repayments, and liquidations.","proposed":false},{"id":33,"term":"Alpha Version — Software Release","genz":"The software exists, but it’s still in its “please don’t judge the unfinished bits” era. Expect missing features, bugs, and things changing.","plain":"An early test version of software used to check core features and find problems. It may be incomplete or unreliable and usually comes before beta testing.","technical":"An early development release used to evaluate functionality and uncover defects before broader validation. Feature completeness, stability, and compatibility are not assured. Release-stage naming and acceptance criteria vary between projects.","proposed":false},{"id":34,"term":"AlphaX — Alpha Finance · historical","genz":"A proposed way to take leveraged long or short positions on-chain without a traditional order book. Hedging was part of the pitch—not a promise that losses disappear.","plain":"A DeFi trading product described as supporting leveraged positions and perpetual swaps. It was intended to let users speculate on price movements or offset risks in other positions.","technical":"The described AlphaX design proposed non-order-book perpetual trading with tokenized leveraged exposures and funding incorporated into pricing. Its intended uses included directional trading and hedging leveraged yield-farming positions.","proposed":false},{"id":35,"term":"Altcoin","genz":"Crypto that isn’t Bitcoin. That’s the category—not a quality rating, a personality type, or a guaranteed moon ticket.","plain":"A common term for any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin. Altcoins can have very different purposes, designs, and risk levels.","technical":"An informal classification for non-Bitcoin cryptoassets. The term does not imply a shared consensus mechanism, token standard, economic model, or regulatory status.","proposed":false},{"id":36,"term":"alToken — Alpha Finance · historical","genz":"Your receipt for putting crypto into Alpha Lending. It tracks your share of the pool, including the interest that share may earn.","plain":"A token representing a user’s deposit in Alpha Lending. It records the user’s share of supplied assets and the interest associated with that position.","technical":"An interest-bearing receipt token issued against an asset supplied to Alpha Lending. It represents a proportional claim on the relevant lending pool, with redemption subject to the protocol’s accounting and available liquidity.","proposed":false},{"id":37,"term":"alUSD — Alchemix","genz":"Borrow now against yield your deposit may earn later. Future returns help pay down the debt—but “self-repaying” doesn’t mean free money or a guaranteed repayment date.","plain":"A synthetic dollar-denominated token associated with Alchemix loans. Users deposit supported collateral, and yield earned through the system can reduce their outstanding debt over time.","technical":"alUSD represents synthetic dollar-denominated debt within Alchemix. Positions are collateral-backed, and allocated strategy yield can amortize debt. Repayment progress depends on realised yield and protocol mechanics rather than a guaranteed schedule.","proposed":false},{"id":38,"term":"Amazon Simple Storage Service — S3","genz":"Cloud storage for your app’s stuff: images, backups, logs, files. Put objects in buckets—but please don’t leave the bucket open to everyone by accident.","plain":"Amazon’s cloud object-storage service. It stores files and other data in containers called buckets, with controls for access, retention, and retrieval.","technical":"Amazon S3 is an object-storage service that organises data as objects within buckets. Objects are addressed by keys and accessed through APIs, with configurable permissions, lifecycle policies, versioning, and storage classes.","proposed":false},{"id":39,"term":"Amazon Web Services — AWS","genz":"Rent the computing toolkit instead of buying a room full of servers. Hosting, storage, databases, networking—the cloud buffet. Keep an eye on what you order.","plain":"Amazon’s collection of cloud services. Businesses and developers use it to run applications, store information, manage databases, and access computing resources without owning all the physical equipment.","technical":"AWS is a cloud-services platform offering compute, storage, networking, databases, and managed application services. Customers provision resources through service interfaces and APIs, with billing determined by the applicable service and purchasing model.","proposed":false},{"id":40,"term":"AWS Lambda","genz":"“Run this code when that happens.” Lambda handles the underlying servers so you don’t have to babysit them. Serverless means less server management—not that servers vanished.","plain":"An AWS service that runs code in response to events or requests. AWS manages the underlying infrastructure, while developers remain responsible for their code, configuration, and permissions.","technical":"AWS Lambda is a managed function-execution service supporting event-driven invocation. AWS provisions execution infrastructure and manages scaling within configured and service limits. Applications remain subject to runtime, resource, concurrency, and execution-duration constraints.","proposed":false},{"id":41,"term":"Amortizing","genz":"One big cost, split into manageable pieces. The bill hasn’t disappeared—it’s just stopped arriving all at once.","plain":"Spreading a cost or repayment across time, transactions, or participants rather than charging it entirely upfront.","technical":"The systematic allocation of a cost over a period or activity base. In computing, amortized cost distributes expensive operations across a sequence of operations.","proposed":false},{"id":42,"term":"Amp — AMP","genz":"Collateral on standby while a payment finishes processing. A financial buffer—not an unlimited “nothing can go wrong” shield.","plain":"A token designed to provide collateral for digital payments and other transfers while settlement is pending.","technical":"An ERC-20 collateral token associated with the Flexa payment ecosystem. Staked collateral can secure transfers, subject to the applicable contracts and loss-allocation mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":43,"term":"Anchor Protocol · historical","genz":"A Terra lending platform that made earning yield look simple. The lesson: a smooth interface doesn’t make the underlying money safe.","plain":"A lending and borrowing protocol in the original Terra ecosystem. Users supplied Terra assets, while borrowers provided collateral. Its description should be treated historically, not as a current savings recommendation.","technical":"A Terra-based money market whose design combined depositor funds, collateralized borrowing, staking-derived income, and incentives. Deposits were exposed to protocol, collateral, and stablecoin risks.","proposed":false},{"id":44,"term":"Andre Cronje","genz":"A DeFi builder closely associated with Yearn’s origin story. A recognisable developer name is background information—not a project safety certificate.","plain":"A software developer known for creating Yearn Finance and contributing to decentralized-finance projects.","technical":"A developer associated with Yearn Finance’s initial architecture and the 2020 launch of its YFI governance token. Current organisational roles should be checked separately.","proposed":false},{"id":45,"term":"Angel Investor","genz":"An early believer who brings funding—and sometimes useful contacts—before a startup has proved itself. Wings optional; risk very much included.","plain":"An individual who invests in an early-stage business, often in exchange for ownership or another financial interest. They may also provide advice and introductions.","technical":"A private early-stage capital provider investing through instruments such as equity, convertible securities, or token arrangements. Returns depend on contractual rights and venture outcomes.","proposed":false},{"id":46,"term":"Ankr ETH — aETH · historical terminology","genz":"A receipt for ETH put into a staking service. Smaller entry ticket, but the receipt still comes with staking and platform risks.","plain":"An older Ankr token designation representing an ETH staking position. It allowed participation without independently operating a validator with a full stake.","technical":"A staking-representation asset described in Ankr’s earlier architecture. Its accounting, transferability, and redemption conditions depend on the specific token version and contracts.","proposed":false},{"id":47,"term":"Ankr Governors · historical terminology","genz":"The governance crowd: people eligible to help decide where the project goes. Owning tokens and having unlimited control are different things.","plain":"Participants eligible to take part in Ankr governance under the rules of the relevant system.","technical":"A governance participant category in the described Ankr model. Proposal eligibility, voting power, delegation, and execution authority depend on the implemented governance mechanism.","proposed":false},{"id":48,"term":"Ankr Providers · historical terminology","genz":"The infrastructure crew keeping the machines working. Rewards come with responsibilities; poor performance can have consequences.","plain":"Operators supplying computing or validator infrastructure to Ankr services. Their obligations and rewards depend on the particular service.","technical":"Infrastructure operators supporting Ankr’s described node and staking architecture. Hardware requirements, collateral obligations, performance conditions, and compensation are implementation-specific.","proposed":false},{"id":49,"term":"Ankr Staking","genz":"Join the staking pool instead of running the whole validator setup yourself. More accessible doesn’t mean risk-free.","plain":"A service model that lets users participate in staking through shared infrastructure, potentially receiving a token representing their position.","technical":"A pooled staking architecture that aggregates deposits and delegates validator operation. Position value and withdrawals depend on rewards, fees, validator performance, and redemption mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":50,"term":"Annual Percentage Rate — APR","genz":"The annual rate before you start assuming compounding does extra magic. Read the fee details too.","plain":"An annualised rate used to describe borrowing costs or investment rewards. Unlike APY, it generally does not express the effect of compounding.","technical":"An annualized rate typically stated without compound growth. Included charges depend on the product and applicable disclosure methodology; DeFi usage may differ from regulated lending disclosures.","proposed":false},{"id":51,"term":"Annual Percentage Yield — APY","genz":"The yearly return with interest-on-interest included. That attractive number still depends on the assumptions holding up.","plain":"The annual return on a deposit after allowing for compounding. Variable rates mean the eventual return may differ from the displayed figure.","technical":"An effective annual yield incorporating compounding. For nominal rate \\(r\\) compounded \\(n\\) times annually, APY is \\((1+r/n)^n-1\\), assuming unchanged rates and reinvestment.","proposed":false},{"id":52,"term":"Anti-Malware","genz":"Security software looking for digital troublemakers. Useful protection—not permission to download every suspicious “free rewards” attachment.","plain":"Software designed to detect, block, or remove malicious programs such as ransomware, spyware, and trojans.","technical":"Defensive software using techniques such as signatures, behavioural analysis, and heuristics to identify or contain malicious activity. Detection coverage is not absolute.","proposed":false},{"id":53,"term":"Anti-Money Laundering — AML","genz":"The checks designed to stop dirty money passing itself off as legitimate. Extra questions aren’t automatically an accusation.","plain":"Policies and procedures used to detect and prevent money laundering, including customer checks, transaction monitoring, and reporting suspicious activity.","technical":"A risk-based compliance framework addressing the concealment and movement of criminal proceeds. Obligations vary by jurisdiction and may include due diligence, monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting.","proposed":false},{"id":54,"term":"Antivirus","genz":"Your device’s malware bouncer. It can catch plenty of trouble, but it doesn’t make every click a good idea.","plain":"Security software that detects and removes computer viruses. Many antivirus products also protect against other forms of malware.","technical":"Endpoint protection software historically focused on self-replicating malicious code. Modern products commonly combine signature detection, heuristics, behavioural monitoring, and remediation.","proposed":false},{"id":55,"term":"Anyswap · historical","genz":"A cross-chain transfer system from crypto’s earlier bridge era. Moving a token between networks adds another layer of trust and technical risk.","plain":"A historical protocol for transferring or representing assets across blockchains, including through wrapped tokens.","technical":"A cross-chain interoperability protocol whose described architecture supported asset custody or locking on one chain and corresponding representations on another. Bridge security depends on validation and custody design.","proposed":false},{"id":56,"term":"Aping In","genz":"Buying first, researching never. The chart moved, the group chat screamed, and your risk management left the building.","plain":"Buying a cryptocurrency impulsively, often because of hype and with little investigation into the project or risks.","technical":"Informal terminology for rapid, speculation-driven entry with limited due diligence. It may involve excessive concentration, weak liquidity assessment, and poorly defined loss limits.","proposed":false},{"id":57,"term":"Application Binary Interface — ABI","genz":"The instruction format that tells software how to talk to a contract. Not the contract’s brain—more its agreed communication rules.","plain":"A specification describing how software calls functions and interprets data from another program, including a smart contract.","technical":"A binary-level interface defining calling and data-encoding conventions. Ethereum contract ABIs describe functions, parameters, return values, events, and errors; they do not themselves retrieve external data.","proposed":false},{"id":58,"term":"Application Blockchain Interface — ABCI","genz":"The translator between “the network agreed on this” and “here’s how our app updates its records.”","plain":"An interface connecting a blockchain’s consensus system with the application that processes transactions and maintains state.","technical":"An interface associated with Tendermint-family consensus engines that separates consensus and networking from deterministic application execution, transaction validation, and state management.","proposed":false},{"id":59,"term":"Application Layer","genz":"Where the system starts doing useful app things—not just moving data around underneath.","plain":"The part of a system responsible for application-specific features and interactions. Its exact meaning depends on the architecture being discussed.","technical":"A context-dependent architectural layer implementing application functionality or application-level protocols. It may include business logic and services, not merely the visible user interface.","proposed":false},{"id":60,"term":"Application Programming Interface — API","genz":"Software’s agreed way of asking other software for something. “Give me these prices” works better when both sides know the format.","plain":"A defined interface through which software requests data or functions from another system.","technical":"A contract specifying available operations, inputs, outputs, and interaction conventions. APIs may be local or network-accessible and can enforce authentication, permissions, and usage limits.","proposed":false},{"id":61,"term":"Approved Address","genz":"A wallet destination on the allowed list. Extra protection against sending funds somewhere unexpected—not proof the recipient is trustworthy.","plain":"An address that an account or platform permits for certain transactions, such as withdrawals.","technical":"An allowlisted blockchain address authorized under an account or application policy. Enforcement may include activation delays, asset restrictions, and network-specific validation.","proposed":false},{"id":62,"term":"AR Token — Arweave","genz":"The token used to pay for storage in Arweave’s ecosystem. Paying to preserve data doesn’t automatically make the data true.","plain":"Arweave’s native token, used in its storage-payment and network-incentive system.","technical":"The native asset of Arweave, supporting storage fees and incentives for participating storage providers under the protocol’s economic model.","proposed":false},{"id":63,"term":"Aragon Client · historical","genz":"A control panel for running an on-chain organisation without hand-building every governance screen.","plain":"An application interface designed to help users create and manage organisations built with Aragon’s tools.","technical":"A client interface for Aragon organisations that integrated governance applications, permission-aware transaction workflows, and human-readable interactions with underlying smart contracts.","proposed":false},{"id":64,"term":"Aragon Court · historical","genz":"A crypto dispute panel with jurors and incentives. Despite the name, it isn’t automatically a government court.","plain":"A decentralized dispute-resolution system designed for disagreements within participating organisations and agreements.","technical":"A cryptoeconomic arbitration mechanism using selected adjudicators, staking incentives, and dispute or appeal procedures. Its decisions and enforceability depend on the surrounding contracts and agreements.","proposed":false},{"id":65,"term":"Aragon Network Agreement · historical","genz":"The network’s written rulebook. Code handles some things; people still need an agreed meaning for acceptable behaviour.","plain":"A set of written rules describing participation and obligations within the relevant Aragon network arrangements.","technical":"A human-readable governance agreement intended to define participant obligations and guide dispute interpretation alongside on-chain mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":66,"term":"Aragon Network DAO · historical","genz":"An organisation helping govern the tools used to build other organisations. Very DAO-about-DAOs.","plain":"A decentralized organisation associated with governing and supporting the Aragon ecosystem.","technical":"A governance entity described as coordinating Aragon infrastructure, shared resources, and network services through token-mediated and contractual processes.","proposed":false},{"id":67,"term":"aragonOS","genz":"The organisation-building toolkit underneath the interface: who can vote, who can pay, and who can change what.","plain":"A smart-contract framework for building organisations with configurable permissions and functions such as voting and payments.","technical":"A modular smart-contract framework for on-chain organisations, providing access control and application integration. Specific architecture and upgrade mechanisms depend on the framework version.","proposed":false},{"id":68,"term":"Arbitrage","genz":"Buy where it’s cheaper, sell where it’s pricier. The tiny gap looks great until fees and execution delays join the conversation.","plain":"Trying to profit from price differences between markets or related instruments. Costs and price movements can eliminate the expected profit.","technical":"A strategy exploiting inconsistent pricing through offsetting transactions. Practical outcomes depend on execution timing, fees, liquidity, funding, settlement, and counterparty exposure.","proposed":false},{"id":69,"term":"Qtum x86 Virtual Machine · corrected historical heading","genz":"An experimental contract engine exploring another way to run blockchain code. ARM and x86 are different architectures—not interchangeable labels.","plain":"A Qtum virtual-machine project intended to broaden smart-contract development options using an x86-based execution environment.","technical":"Qtum-x86 was a virtual-machine initiative targeting x86-based contract execution. The source heading “Arm Virtual Machine” conflates different architectures; Qtum’s documentation identifies it as x86. Qtum documentation","proposed":false},{"id":70,"term":"Artificial Intelligence — AI","genz":"Software doing tasks we associate with intelligence. It can spot patterns and generate answers—and still be confidently wrong.","plain":"Computer systems designed to perform tasks such as recognising patterns, understanding language, making predictions, or solving problems.","technical":"A field developing computational methods for capabilities including learning, inference, perception, planning, and generation. Output quality depends on system design, inputs, training, and evaluation.","proposed":false},{"id":71,"term":"ASIC Miner","genz":"A machine built for one mining job and trained for nothing else. Extremely specialised, not your everyday gaming PC.","plain":"Mining hardware containing chips designed specifically for a particular cryptographic computation.","technical":"An application-specific integrated circuit optimized for a target proof-of-work algorithm. Its economics depend on efficiency, hash rate, electricity costs, and network competition.","proposed":false},{"id":72,"term":"ASIC-Resistance","genz":"Trying to stop specialist mining machines from completely outclassing ordinary hardware. “Resistant” doesn’t mean permanently unbeatable.","plain":"A mining design intended to reduce the advantage of specialised ASIC hardware over more widely available equipment.","technical":"Algorithmic design intended to constrain the efficiency advantage of application-specific hardware, often through memory or computational requirements. Resistance is relative and can weaken as hardware develops.","proposed":false},{"id":73,"term":"Asset","genz":"Something you own or control that has economic value. Whether it keeps that value is another question.","plain":"A resource with economic value, such as cash, property, shares, or digital tokens.","technical":"An economically valuable resource or right. Its classification, ownership characteristics, liquidity, and valuation depend on the legal and financial context.","proposed":false},{"id":74,"term":"ASSETS — The Sandbox","genz":"The game-world stuff creators make: characters, equipment, scenery, and other digital creations.","plain":"Digital items created for use in The Sandbox’s virtual environment, represented through its asset system.","technical":"Tokenized user-generated content associated with The Sandbox. Its described asset framework uses ERC-1155 to represent multiple item types and quantities.","proposed":false},{"id":75,"term":"Assets Under Management — AUM","genz":"How much value a manager looks after—not how much the manager personally owns or earned.","plain":"The total value of assets managed by a fund, firm, or investment manager at a particular time.","technical":"An aggregate valuation of managed assets under a defined reporting methodology. AUM changes through market movements, client flows, and classification adjustments.","proposed":false},{"id":76,"term":"Asymmetric Encryption","genz":"One key locks the message; a different, private key unlocks it. Sharing the public key isn’t the same as sharing the secret.","plain":"Encryption using a public–private key pair, allowing information to be encrypted for a recipient without sharing their private key.","technical":"Public-key encryption uses mathematically related keys for encryption and decryption. It is distinct from digital signatures and is not inherently “more secure” than symmetric encryption.","proposed":false},{"id":77,"term":"Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance — aBFT","genz":"Getting honest computers to agree even when some participants lie and messages arrive late. No assumption that everyone’s connection runs like clockwork.","plain":"A property of distributed systems that can tolerate malicious participants without relying on fixed message-delivery times for safety.","technical":"Byzantine consensus in an asynchronous communication model. Fault thresholds and progress guarantees depend on the algorithm, often requiring randomness or additional assumptions to address deterministic-consensus impossibility.","proposed":false},{"id":78,"term":"aToken — Aave","genz":"Your Aave deposit receipt, with the position’s interest tracked along the way. A claim on supplied assets—not a guaranteed-return coupon.","plain":"A token representing assets supplied to an Aave market and the interest associated with that position.","technical":"An ERC-20-compatible receipt token representing a supplied position. Interest accrual is reflected through the protocol’s accounting, while redemption depends on liquidity and market conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":79,"term":"Atomic Swap","genz":"Either both sides of the crypto swap happen, or neither side gets to keep the trade unfairly half-finished.","plain":"A method for exchanging digital assets with linked conditions, reducing the need to trust the other participant or a central intermediary.","technical":"A conditional exchange protocol enforcing atomic settlement. Cross-chain implementations often use hashlocks and timelocks, with security dependent on chain behaviour and protocol assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":80,"term":"Auction","genz":"A sale where the rules and bids decide who gets the item. Highest bid wins in some formats—not every format.","plain":"A process for buying or selling through competing bids under a defined set of rules.","technical":"A market-allocation mechanism with specified bidding, winner-selection, and payment rules. Designs include ascending-price, descending-price, sealed-bid, and multi-unit auctions.","proposed":false},{"id":81,"term":"Blockchain or Smart-Contract Audit","genz":"A security inspection, not an invincibility badge. “Audited” should make you ask who checked what—and whether the problems were fixed.","plain":"A review of blockchain software or smart contracts intended to identify weaknesses and errors. It cannot guarantee the absence of vulnerabilities.","technical":"A scoped assessment combining manual review, testing, and automated analysis. Findings apply to the examined code version and assumptions, not automatically to later deployments or changes.","proposed":false},{"id":82,"term":"Augmented Reality — AR","genz":"The real world, with digital extras layered on top. Unlike VR, your room hasn’t been completely replaced.","plain":"Technology that adds computer-generated information or objects to a person’s view of their physical surroundings.","technical":"A system combining real-world perception with spatially registered virtual content, commonly using cameras, displays, tracking, and real-time rendering.","proposed":false},{"id":83,"term":"Augur Decentralized Oracle System","genz":"The mechanism deciding what actually happened so a prediction market can settle. Reports can be challenged rather than accepted on vibes.","plain":"Augur’s system for reporting and disputing event outcomes used to settle prediction markets.","technical":"A reporting-and-dispute mechanism using REP-backed participation to resolve market outcomes. It should not be described merely as an aggregator of live exchange prices. Augur protocol glossary","proposed":false},{"id":84,"term":"Authentication","genz":"“Prove it’s you.” The login check before the system decides what you’re allowed to do.","plain":"Verifying the identity of a user, device, or service through credentials or other evidence.","technical":"The validation of an asserted identity using one or more authentication factors or cryptographic credentials. Authentication is distinct from permission evaluation.","proposed":false},{"id":85,"term":"Authority Masternode — VeChain · historical architecture","genz":"An approved block-producing participant—not simply anyone who opens a wallet and declares themselves in charge.","plain":"A validator role in VeChainThor’s described proof-of-authority system, responsible for participating in block production and consensus.","technical":"An authorized validator in the referenced VeChainThor consensus architecture. Admission, collateral, and operational requirements are protocol-version dependent.","proposed":false},{"id":86,"term":"Authorization","genz":"“We know who you are. Now, are you allowed to press that button?”","plain":"Determining which actions or resources a user or service is permitted to access.","technical":"The evaluation and enforcement of access-control policy for a subject, action, and resource. Authorization may use roles, attributes, ownership, or other conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":87,"term":"Automated Clearing House — ACH","genz":"The bank-transfer network behind things like salary deposits. Less dramatic than crypto Twitter, still important money infrastructure.","plain":"A US electronic payment network used for bank-account transfers, including payroll deposits and bill payments.","technical":"A clearing network processing electronic credit and debit transfers between participating financial institutions. Settlement timing and return rights depend on transaction type and network rules.","proposed":false},{"id":88,"term":"Automated Market Maker — AMM","genz":"Trade against a pool using pricing rules instead of waiting for a matching order. The pool still needs liquidity.","plain":"A trading mechanism that uses algorithms and pooled assets to quote prices and execute exchanges.","technical":"A liquidity mechanism whose pricing follows a specified function or invariant. Execution changes pool state and can create price impact, arbitrage opportunities, and liquidity-provider exposure.","proposed":false},{"id":89,"term":"Autonomous Economic Agent — AEA","genz":"A software agent that can carry out assigned tasks and potentially transact. Give it clear limits before giving it spending power.","plain":"Software designed to act toward goals with limited ongoing human input, potentially interacting with other systems or making transactions.","technical":"An agent architecture associated with Fetch.ai that combines identity, communication, decision logic, and transaction capabilities. Autonomy remains bounded by configuration, permissions, and available resources.","proposed":false},{"id":90,"term":"Ava Labs","genz":"A company behind Avalanche’s development. The builder and the blockchain network are related—not the same entity.","plain":"A technology company known for developing Avalanche-related blockchain software and infrastructure.","technical":"A software-development company associated with the creation and development of Avalanche. Corporate activity should be distinguished from validator operation and network consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":91,"term":"Avalanche Virtual Machine — AVM","genz":"The rule engine behind Avalanche’s asset-focused X-Chain. Not a catch-all name for every Avalanche smart contract.","plain":"A virtual machine used by Avalanche’s X-Chain to define asset creation and transfer operations.","technical":"The AVM implements asset-oriented state-transition logic for the X-Chain. It is distinct from the EVM-based execution environment used for Ethereum-compatible contracts. Avalanche documentation","proposed":false},{"id":92,"term":"Average Directional Index — ADX","genz":"“How strong is the trend?”—not “is the price going up?” Strong downward trends count too.","plain":"A technical indicator measuring trend strength rather than direction, typically displayed on a scale from 0 to 100.","technical":"Wilder’s smoothed directional-movement indicator. ADX derives from the relationship between positive and negative directional indicators and does not independently indicate bullish or bearish direction.","proposed":false},{"id":93,"term":"Axie Infinity","genz":"Collect, breed, and battle digital creatures. A game economy is still an economy—playing doesn’t guarantee earning.","plain":"A blockchain-based gaming ecosystem featuring collectible creatures called Axies and associated gameplay and digital assets.","technical":"A gaming ecosystem integrating tokenized collectibles and blockchain-based economic components. Ownership, gameplay utility, and token market value are separate properties.","proposed":false},{"id":94,"term":"Axie Infinity Shards — AXS","genz":"A token in the Axie ecosystem with governance and staking roles. Not the same thing as owning an Axie creature.","plain":"A token associated with Axie Infinity, designed for functions including governance and staking.","technical":"A fungible ecosystem token distinct from Axie collectible assets. Participation rights, staking mechanics, and rewards depend on the applicable contracts and programme rules.","proposed":false},{"id":95,"term":"BABE Consensus Mechanism — Polkadot","genz":"The system helping decide who gets to produce a block. Another mechanism handles making the agreed history final.","plain":"A block-production mechanism used in Polkadot’s consensus design, paired with a separate finality mechanism called GRANDPA.","technical":"Blind Assignment for Blockchain Extension is a slot-based block-production protocol using cryptographic selection. It performs a different role from GRANDPA’s chain-finalization process.","proposed":false},{"id":96,"term":"Back End — Computing","genz":"The backstage machinery making the pretty interface actually work.","plain":"The system components that process requests, apply rules, and manage data behind an application’s visible interface.","technical":"Server-side or supporting infrastructure encompassing application services, business logic, persistence, integrations, and security controls. It is broader than the database layer alone.","proposed":false},{"id":97,"term":"Back-End Software Development","genz":"Building what happens after someone clicks the button—not just how the button looks.","plain":"Creating the services and systems responsible for an application’s processing, data storage, and integrations.","technical":"Engineering application services, APIs, persistence, background processing, and operational controls, including performance, reliability, and access enforcement.","proposed":false},{"id":98,"term":"Backdoor","genz":"A hidden side entrance around the normal security checks. Convenient for whoever knows it exists; dangerous for everyone relying on the front door.","plain":"A way to access a system while bypassing its usual security procedures, whether deliberately built in or maliciously introduced.","technical":"An alternate access mechanism that circumvents intended authentication or authorization controls. It may exist in software, firmware, hardware, or configuration.","proposed":false},{"id":99,"term":"Backtesting","genz":"Letting a strategy replay old market data. Winning yesterday’s simulation doesn’t prove it can win tomorrow.","plain":"Testing how a strategy would have behaved using historical data, while accounting for realistic trading conditions.","technical":"Historical simulation of a strategy under explicit execution assumptions. Results can be distorted by overfitting, look-ahead bias, survivorship bias, and omitted trading costs.","proposed":false},{"id":100,"term":"Backwards Compatibility","genz":"The upgrade arrives without making everything old instantly useless.","plain":"The ability of a newer system to continue working with supported older data, interfaces, or components.","technical":"Compatibility whereby a newer implementation preserves specified behaviour for earlier clients, formats, or interfaces. It does not imply that older systems understand every new feature.","proposed":false},{"id":101,"term":"Bag","genz":"Your stash of a particular crypto. A “heavy bag” can mean a big position—or a position you’re painfully stuck holding.","plain":"Slang for a cryptocurrency holding, often a relatively large one.","technical":"An informal position-size term with no standardized quantity or valuation threshold. Its meaning depends on the speaker and context.","proposed":false},{"id":102,"term":"Baiting","genz":"“Free reward—just install this.” The prize is the lure; your data or device may be the real target.","plain":"A social-engineering tactic that uses an attractive offer to persuade someone to reveal information or take an unsafe action.","technical":"An inducement-based attack exploiting curiosity, urgency, or perceived reward to trigger credential disclosure, malware execution, or other attacker-desired behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":103,"term":"Bakers — Tezos","genz":"Tezos validators. They help produce and confirm blocks; no actual oven required.","plain":"Network participants responsible for block production and consensus duties on Tezos.","technical":"Validator operators performing protocol-assigned baking and attestation functions. Participation and rewards depend on staking arrangements and the active protocol rules.","proposed":false},{"id":104,"term":"Baking","genz":"Helping Tezos add and agree on blocks. The rewards come with operational responsibilities.","plain":"Tezos terminology for participating in block production, alongside related validator duties.","technical":"The proposal of blocks within Tezos’s proof-of-stake consensus process. Validator participation may also involve attestations and penalties under protocol-defined conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":105,"term":"BAL Token","genz":"Balancer’s governance-related token. Having tokens doesn’t mean every decision is yours to make.","plain":"A token used within Balancer’s governance and incentive ecosystem.","technical":"Balancer’s ecosystem token, associated with governance and liquidity incentives. Effective voting rights and reward eligibility depend on the applicable governance and locking mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":106,"term":"Balance Freeze Functionality","genz":"Some issued tokens come with an issuer-controlled pause button. Native XRP isn’t frozen through that same mechanism.","plain":"A feature allowing issuers on the XRP Ledger to restrict certain activities involving their issued assets.","technical":"Issuer-controlled restrictions on XRP Ledger issued-currency balances or trust lines. These controls apply to issued assets, not to native XRP through the same functionality.","proposed":false},{"id":107,"term":"Balancer","genz":"A trading-pool system where the token mix doesn’t have to be a simple fifty-fifty split.","plain":"A decentralized trading protocol supporting liquidity pools with configurable structures, including weighted pools.","technical":"An AMM ecosystem supporting multiple pool designs and pricing functions. Liquidity-provider outcomes depend on pool parameters, fees, asset movements, and protocol implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":108,"term":"Bancor Network Token — BNT","genz":"A token woven into Bancor’s liquidity system. Its exact job depends on which version of that system you mean.","plain":"Bancor’s network token, used within its trading and liquidity architecture.","technical":"A protocol token integrated into Bancor’s liquidity arrangements. Reserve, routing, staking, and governance roles should be interpreted against the relevant protocol version.","proposed":false},{"id":109,"term":"BandChain","genz":"An oracle network helping blockchain apps get information from outside their own bubble.","plain":"Band Protocol’s blockchain infrastructure for requesting, collecting, and supplying external data.","technical":"An oracle-focused blockchain coordinating data requests and validator-produced responses, with mechanisms for aggregation and delivery to consuming applications.","proposed":false},{"id":110,"term":"Bandwidth","genz":"How much data the connection can carry at once—not a guarantee that every message arrives instantly.","plain":"The data-transfer capacity of a communication link, usually measured in bits per second.","technical":"A link’s nominal or available transmission capacity. Actual throughput depends on congestion, protocol overhead, loss, and other constraints; latency is a separate measure.","proposed":false},{"id":111,"term":"Bank for International Settlements — BIS","genz":"A bank and meeting point for central banks—not somewhere you open an everyday current account.","plain":"An international institution supporting central-bank cooperation, financial research, and services for central banks.","technical":"A central-bank-owned international financial institution based in Basel, providing banking services and a forum for monetary and financial cooperation.","proposed":false},{"id":112,"term":"Banking as a Service — BaaS","genz":"An app plugs into banking infrastructure instead of becoming an entire bank overnight.","plain":"A model allowing businesses to offer banking-related features through infrastructure and partnerships supplied by financial institutions and technology providers.","technical":"API-enabled delivery of banking capabilities through regulated providers and intermediaries. Licensing, compliance, safeguarding, and operational responsibilities depend on the contractual arrangement.","proposed":false},{"id":113,"term":"BarnBridge · historical project design","genz":"Splitting financial risk into different packages. Moving risk around doesn’t make it disappear.","plain":"A DeFi project designed to separate and redistribute financial exposures, offering participants different risk-and-return profiles.","technical":"A protocol design for structuring or tokenizing risk exposures, including differentiated claims on underlying yield. Outcomes depend on product structure, collateral, and protocol risk.","proposed":false},{"id":114,"term":"Base Currency","genz":"The thing you’re pricing. In BTC/USD, the question is: “How many dollars for one bitcoin?”","plain":"The first asset in a trading pair. Its price is expressed in units of the second asset.","technical":"For a pair A/B, A is the base asset and B the quote asset. The quoted rate represents units of B per unit of A.","proposed":false},{"id":115,"term":"Basic Attention Token — BAT","genz":"A token built around Brave’s advertising ecosystem. Your attention matters, but rewards depend on participation rules.","plain":"A token associated with Brave’s advertising and rewards system, connecting users, advertisers, and creators.","technical":"A fungible token integrated into Brave-related advertising and contribution mechanisms. Eligibility, distribution, and available functionality depend on product and regional conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":116,"term":"Basket of Currencies","genz":"Several currencies grouped into one reference mix. Not every random bundle of assets is a currency basket.","plain":"A group of currencies combined, often using specified weights, to measure value or support a financial product.","technical":"A weighted collection of currencies used for valuation, benchmarking, reserves, or instrument design. A basket of stocks or commodities is instead an asset basket.","proposed":false},{"id":117,"term":"Beacon Chain","genz":"Ethereum’s proof-of-stake coordination system. It stopped being merely “the upcoming upgrade” a long time ago.","plain":"The chain introduced to coordinate Ethereum validators and staking. It became part of Ethereum’s operating proof-of-stake system through the Merge in September 2022.","technical":"Ethereum’s consensus-layer chain, launched in December 2020 and integrated with mainnet execution at the Merge on 15 September 2022. Ethereum documentation","proposed":false},{"id":118,"term":"Bear Flag","genz":"A sharp drop, a brief breather, then possibly more downside. The chart is suggesting a pattern—not signing a contract.","plain":"A chart pattern where a steep price decline is followed by a smaller consolidation, potentially preceding another decline.","technical":"A bearish continuation pattern comprising an impulsive decline and subsequent consolidation. Identification and confirmation rules vary, and failed breakdowns remain possible.","proposed":false},{"id":119,"term":"Bear Market","genz":"The market’s extended down-bad phase. A bounce doesn’t automatically mean the whole decline is over.","plain":"A period of sustained market weakness and falling prices. A 20% decline is a common convention, not a universal definition.","technical":"A declining market regime characterized by sustained price deterioration. Thresholds, duration requirements, and benchmark selection vary by asset class and methodology.","proposed":false},{"id":120,"term":"Bear Trap","genz":"The price looks ready to collapse, people bet against it, and then it snaps upward. Short sellers: unexpectedly part of the plot.","plain":"A price move that appears bearish but reverses, leaving traders who sold or shorted expecting further declines poorly positioned.","technical":"A failed bearish signal or downside breakout followed by reversal. It may trigger short covering and does not necessarily imply deliberate market manipulation.","proposed":false},{"id":121,"term":"Beeple","genz":"The digital artist behind the huge Everydays NFT auction moment. One famous sale does not price every JPEG.","plain":"The professional name of artist Mike Winkelmann, known for digital artwork and a landmark NFT sale in March 2021.","technical":"A digital artist whose Everydays: The First 5000 Days sold at Christie’s for approximately $69.3 million on 11 March 2021—not February 2020. Christie’s sale announcement","proposed":false},{"id":122,"term":"Behaviour-Based Detection","genz":"Security that watches what a program does, not just whether its name is already on the naughty list.","plain":"A security method that identifies suspicious activity by observing software or system behaviour.","technical":"Detection based on execution patterns, process interactions, resource access, or network activity. It can identify unfamiliar threats but may also generate false positives.","proposed":false},{"id":123,"term":"Benchmark Index","genz":"The comparison scoreboard. Beating the wrong benchmark can make performance look better than it really is.","plain":"An index used as a reference when evaluating an investment or market’s performance.","technical":"A rules-based reference series used for performance comparison or exposure measurement. Suitability depends on asset class, risk profile, currency, and return methodology.","proposed":false},{"id":124,"term":"BEP-2 Token Standard · legacy","genz":"An older BNB-chain token format. Similar branding does not mean you can send it anywhere that accepts BNB.","plain":"The token standard used on the former BNB Beacon Chain, distinct from BEP-20 on BNB Smart Chain.","technical":"A legacy issuance and transfer standard associated with BNB Beacon Chain. The network underwent a sunset process, so historical definitions must not imply ongoing ordinary operation. BNB Chain sunset announcement","proposed":false},{"id":125,"term":"BEP-20 Token Standard","genz":"BNB Smart Chain’s familiar-looking token format. An Ethereum-style address is not permission to ignore which network you’re using.","plain":"A standard for tokens on BNB Smart Chain, similar to Ethereum’s ERC-20 standard.","technical":"A fungible-token interface used on BNB Smart Chain. EVM compatibility and matching address formats do not automatically transfer assets or create cross-chain interoperability.","proposed":false},{"id":126,"term":"Beta Coefficient","genz":"How much an investment tends to move with its chosen market benchmark. Not a single number explaining every possible risk.","plain":"A measure of an investment’s sensitivity to movements in a benchmark. A beta above one indicates greater estimated sensitivity, not guaranteed future behaviour.","technical":"Typically estimated as covariance of asset and benchmark returns divided by benchmark-return variance. Beta measures systematic exposure relative to that benchmark and estimation period.","proposed":false},{"id":127,"term":"Beta Version — Software","genz":"Ready for broader testing, not necessarily ready to hold your entire life together without a bug.","plain":"A test release made available to users to identify problems and improve the product before a more mature release.","technical":"A pre-release stage focused on validation under broader usage conditions. Feature completeness, stability, and support expectations depend on the project’s release policy.","proposed":false},{"id":128,"term":"Bid–Ask Spread","genz":"The gap between what buyers offer and sellers want. Crossing it is one of trading’s less exciting costs.","plain":"The difference between the highest available buying price and the lowest available selling price.","technical":"The difference between the best ask and best bid for an instrument at a given time. It reflects factors including liquidity, volatility, and adverse-selection risk.","proposed":false},{"id":129,"term":"Big Tech","genz":"The giant technology companies whose products and platforms show up almost everywhere. The membership list isn’t carved in stone.","plain":"An informal label for large, influential technology companies, often including firms such as Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, and Meta.","technical":"A non-standardized grouping of technology companies distinguished by economic scale, platform reach, and ecosystem influence. Its membership varies by context.","proposed":false},{"id":130,"term":"Binance — Exchange","genz":"A crypto trading platform—not the same thing as the blockchains with related branding. Know where your funds are actually held.","plain":"A centralized cryptocurrency exchange founded in 2017. Available products and access depend on location and the relevant operating entity.","technical":"A centralized trading platform providing custodial accounts and exchange services. Users face platform, custody, operational, and jurisdiction-specific risks distinct from blockchain consensus risks.","proposed":false},{"id":131,"term":"Binance Decentralized Exchange — DEX · historical","genz":"The older on-chain exchange model associated with Binance Chain. Not just Binance’s regular exchange with a different skin.","plain":"A decentralized trading system built around the original Binance Chain architecture, where users signed transactions using their own keys.","technical":"An on-chain exchange implementation associated with the legacy Binance Chain/BNB Beacon Chain environment. It should be distinguished from Binance’s centralized custody and matching services.","proposed":false},{"id":132,"term":"Binance Labs · historical name","genz":"The investment-and-startup-support name from Binance’s earlier ecosystem. Funding a project isn’t the same as guaranteeing it succeeds.","plain":"The former name of an investment and incubation organisation associated with Binance, later rebranded as YZi Labs.","technical":"A historical venture-investment and incubation brand. Its January 2025 rebrand to YZi Labs reflected organisational independence and a broader investment scope. Rebrand announcement","proposed":false},{"id":133,"term":"Binance Launchpad","genz":"A platform for project token launches. Getting a launch slot doesn’t turn a new token into a guaranteed winner.","plain":"A Binance platform used to distribute or sell tokens from selected projects to eligible participants.","technical":"An exchange-associated token-launch mechanism with offering-specific eligibility, allocation, and participation conditions. It is distinct from secondary-market trading.","proposed":false},{"id":134,"term":"Binance USD — BUSD · historical issuance","genz":"A dollar-targeting stablecoin from an earlier Binance–Paxos arrangement. Old market-cap headlines are not today’s status report.","plain":"A Binance-branded dollar stablecoin issued by Paxos. Paxos stopped issuing new BUSD in February 2023.","technical":"A reserve-backed stablecoin whose Paxos issuance ceased on 21 February 2023. Paxos-issued tokens and third-party bridged representations must be distinguished. Paxos announcement","proposed":false},{"id":135,"term":"Binary Code","genz":"Information represented using two symbols—usually zero and one. Tiny choices, enormous combinations.","plain":"A way of representing data using bits, each with one of two possible values.","technical":"An encoding of information as binary digits. Bit sequences can represent instructions, numbers, characters, or other structures according to an agreed encoding scheme.","proposed":false},{"id":136,"term":"Bitcoin — Network","genz":"The network that lets people transfer bitcoin and independently check the rules. No single company gets the official “because I said so” button.","plain":"A decentralized payment network launched in 2009, using a blockchain and proof-of-work to maintain a shared transaction history.","technical":"A peer-to-peer monetary network in which nodes validate transactions and blocks against consensus rules, while proof-of-work supports chain selection and transaction ordering.","proposed":false},{"id":137,"term":"bitcoin — BTC","genz":"The asset moving around the Bitcoin network. Capital-B Bitcoin is the system; lowercase bitcoin is the money.","plain":"The native cryptocurrency of the Bitcoin network, commonly identified by the ticker BTC.","technical":"The native monetary asset accounted for through Bitcoin’s unspent transaction outputs. One bitcoin consists of 100 million satoshis.","proposed":false},{"id":138,"term":"Bitcoin Cash — BCH","genz":"A separate Bitcoin-family branch built around a different scaling choice. Similar ancestry, different asset and network.","plain":"A cryptocurrency and blockchain created through a Bitcoin hard fork in 2017, with an emphasis on greater on-chain transaction capacity.","technical":"An independent UTXO-based proof-of-work network originating from Bitcoin’s 2017 chain split. BCH follows its own consensus rules and is not interchangeable with BTC.","proposed":false},{"id":139,"term":"Bitcoin Core","genz":"Software for checking Bitcoin yourself instead of relying entirely on someone else’s dashboard.","plain":"An open-source Bitcoin software implementation that can run a full node and independently verify blocks and transactions.","technical":"A Bitcoin full-node implementation with networking, validation, and optional wallet functionality. Running it enforces the selected software’s consensus rules rather than delegating verification to a third party.","proposed":false},{"id":140,"term":"Bitcoin Dominance — BTCD","genz":"Bitcoin’s slice of the measured crypto market-cap pie. A bigger slice doesn’t necessarily mean Bitcoin’s price went up.","plain":"Bitcoin’s market capitalization expressed as a percentage of the total cryptocurrency market capitalization tracked by a data provider.","technical":"Calculated as BTC market capitalization divided by the provider’s total crypto market capitalization, multiplied by 100. Results depend on asset coverage and supply methodology; the denominator includes Bitcoin.","proposed":false},{"id":141,"term":"Bitcoin Genesis Block","genz":"Bitcoin’s opening scene. Block zero, January 2009, with a newspaper headline embedded as a permanent time capsule.","plain":"The first Bitcoin block, created by Satoshi Nakamoto on 3 January 2009. Every subsequent Bitcoin block ultimately traces back to it.","technical":"Bitcoin’s hard-coded block at height zero. Its coinbase data includes a contemporary newspaper headline, anchoring the chain’s origin in a specific historical context.","proposed":false},{"id":142,"term":"Bitcoin Improvement Proposal — BIP","genz":"A documented “here’s how Bitcoin could work better.” Getting a BIP number doesn’t mean everyone approved or installed it.","plain":"A formal document proposing or describing a Bitcoin-related standard, process, or technical change.","technical":"A versioned proposal within Bitcoin’s public specification process. BIPs can address consensus, applications, information, or procedures; publication does not itself establish adoption.","proposed":false},{"id":143,"term":"BIP 32","genz":"One wallet seed, a whole family tree of keys. Convenient backup—but protect the root.","plain":"A standard for generating many related wallet keys from one starting seed, organised into a hierarchy.","technical":"Defines hierarchical deterministic wallets using extended keys and child-key derivation. It supports hardened and non-hardened derivation, with different security and public-key derivation properties.","proposed":false},{"id":144,"term":"BIP 38","genz":"An encrypted wrapper around a Bitcoin private key. You need the passphrase to unlock it—so forgetting that passphrase is a serious plot twist.","plain":"A method for protecting a Bitcoin private key with a passphrase.","technical":"Specifies passphrase-protected private-key encoding using password-based key derivation and encryption. Recovery requires the encrypted key and correct passphrase; protection depends partly on passphrase strength.","proposed":false},{"id":145,"term":"BIP 39","genz":"Those wallet recovery words are a powerful backup, not a harmless sentence. Don’t paste them into a support chat.","plain":"A standard that converts randomly generated information into recovery words used to derive a wallet seed.","technical":"Defines mnemonic encoding of entropy and a checksum, followed by seed derivation with an optional passphrase. Supported mnemonic lengths include 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 words.","proposed":false},{"id":146,"term":"BIP 44","genz":"The folder structure for a wallet’s key family: separate coins, accounts, and addresses without making everything one giant mess.","plain":"A standard way to organise multiple cryptocurrency accounts and addresses within a hierarchical wallet.","technical":"Defines the derivation hierarchy m / purpose' / coin_type' / account' / change / address_index, building on BIP 32 and purpose-based wallet organisation.","proposed":false},{"id":147,"term":"Bitcoin Network","genz":"The computers passing Bitcoin transactions around and checking the rules. The network is bigger than any exchange app.","plain":"The peer-to-peer system through which Bitcoin participants share transactions and blocks and independently verify their validity.","technical":"A distributed network of nodes relaying and validating Bitcoin data. Mining provides proof-of-work chain extension, while validating nodes independently enforce consensus rules.","proposed":false},{"id":148,"term":"Bitcoin Next Generation — Bitcoin-NG","genz":"A research design separating “who leads?” from “which transactions get recorded?” Not an official Bitcoin software upgrade.","plain":"A proposed blockchain design intended to increase transaction capacity by separating leader selection from transaction processing.","technical":"A protocol design using proof-of-work key blocks to select leaders and microblocks to carry transactions. It is distinct from Bitcoin mainnet’s consensus protocol.","proposed":false},{"id":149,"term":"Bitcoiner","genz":"Someone seriously into Bitcoin. The label doesn’t automatically mean they hate every other crypto—or know everything.","plain":"A person interested in, supportive of, or active in the Bitcoin ecosystem.","technical":"An informal community label without a defined ownership threshold, technical qualification, or required investment philosophy.","proposed":false},{"id":150,"term":"Bitcointalk","genz":"One of crypto’s original discussion boards: project announcements, arguments, and a lot of internet history.","plain":"An online forum established in Bitcoin’s early years for discussions about Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency topics.","technical":"A longstanding public forum containing ecosystem discussions, development commentary, and project announcements. Forum posts are user-generated material, not automatically authoritative evidence.","proposed":false},{"id":151,"term":"BitLicense","genz":"A New York regulatory permission slip for covered crypto businesses—not a badge saying every investment they offer is safe.","plain":"A licence issued by New York’s financial regulator for specified virtual-currency business activities. Applicability depends on the activity and available exemptions.","technical":"A licensing framework administered by NYDFS under 23 NYCRR Part 200. Its scope should not be reduced to “every business using crypto needs one.” NYDFS guidance","proposed":false},{"id":152,"term":"Bitstream","genz":"A sequence of bits. For an FPGA, it can be the configuration telling the chip what job to become good at.","plain":"A sequence of binary data. In programmable hardware, a configuration bitstream determines how the device’s circuits operate.","technical":"An ordered binary sequence used for transmission, storage, or configuration. FPGA bitstreams encode device-specific logic and routing configuration.","proposed":false},{"id":153,"term":"BitTorrent","genz":"Download pieces from multiple people instead of making one server carry the whole group project.","plain":"A peer-to-peer file-sharing protocol that distributes files in pieces among participating users.","technical":"A content-distribution protocol in which peers exchange verified file pieces within a swarm. Availability depends on participating peers retaining and sharing the required data.","proposed":false},{"id":154,"term":"BitTorrent Token — BTT","genz":"A token associated with BitTorrent-related services. Don’t confuse today’s token with the older version carrying similar branding.","plain":"A token used in the BitTorrent ecosystem, including incentive mechanisms. Its older and redenominated versions have different token standards.","technical":"The redenomination replaced the original TRC-10 token, designated BTTOLD, with TRC-20 BTT. Asset identification must use the correct contract and version. BitTorrent explanation","proposed":false},{"id":155,"term":"Black-Hat Hacker","genz":"Someone using hacking skills to steal, sabotage, or exploit—not the security researcher who responsibly reports the problem.","plain":"A person who attacks computer systems maliciously or without authorisation.","technical":"An informal designation for an adversary conducting unauthorized exploitation, theft, disruption, or related harmful activity. The distinction concerns conduct and authorization, not technical ability.","proposed":false},{"id":156,"term":"Black Swan Event","genz":"A major shock people didn’t meaningfully expect—followed by everyone explaining why it was “obvious all along.”","plain":"A rare, high-impact event outside prevailing expectations that often receives convincing explanations after it happens.","technical":"A concept associated with extreme impact, ex-ante unexpectedness, and retrospective rationalisation. It does not simply mean any crash, disaster, or predictable risk that was ignored.","proposed":false},{"id":157,"term":"BLAKE-256 — Decred","genz":"A cryptographic fingerprint function. Don’t confuse a blockchain’s block hash with whichever algorithm currently powers its mining.","plain":"A hashing algorithm producing a 256-bit output, used in Decred’s architecture.","technical":"BLAKE-256 remains relevant to Decred block hashing, while Decred’s proof-of-work hashing changed to BLAKE3. These are separate functions and should not be conflated. Decred documentation","proposed":false},{"id":158,"term":"Block","genz":"A packaged batch of blockchain data. Not necessarily every transaction submitted during that period—some are still waiting outside.","plain":"A structured collection of transactions and other information proposed for inclusion in a blockchain.","technical":"A protocol-defined data structure containing a header and associated body. Validity, ordering, capacity, and acceptance depend on the network’s consensus and execution rules.","proposed":false},{"id":159,"term":"Block Difficulty","genz":"How hard the mining guessing game is. More difficulty means more expected work—not harder individual maths questions.","plain":"A measure of how much computational work is expected to find an acceptable proof-of-work block.","technical":"A value related inversely to the permitted proof-of-work hash target. Adjustment rules commonly regulate expected block intervals as network hash power changes.","proposed":false},{"id":160,"term":"Block Explorer","genz":"A search engine for blockchain records. Great for checking receipts, but it isn’t the blockchain itself.","plain":"A tool for viewing information such as blocks, transactions, addresses, and token activity on a blockchain.","technical":"An indexing and presentation service for chain data. Results depend on its node sources, indexing logic, chain selection, and confirmation or finality interpretation.","proposed":false},{"id":161,"term":"Block Header","genz":"The block’s compact cover sheet: enough key information to identify it and help verify how it fits.","plain":"The metadata section of a block, containing information used to connect and validate it within the chain.","technical":"A protocol-specific structure commonly containing a previous-block reference and commitments to block contents, plus consensus-related fields. Exact fields vary across networks.","proposed":false},{"id":162,"term":"Block Height","genz":"A block’s level in the chain. Two competing blocks can briefly stand on the same step.","plain":"The number of blocks preceding a block, with the genesis block normally at height zero.","technical":"A block’s position measured from genesis along a particular chain path. Height alone is not globally unique because competing forks can contain different blocks at the same height.","proposed":false},{"id":163,"term":"Block Lattice — Nano","genz":"Each account gets its own linked transaction history instead of everyone squeezing into one shared sequence.","plain":"Nano’s structure of interconnected account chains, allowing account activity to be recorded separately.","technical":"A ledger architecture comprising per-account chains. The block lattice describes data organisation; Nano’s representative-voting mechanism separately addresses consensus and conflicting transactions.","proposed":false},{"id":164,"term":"Block Producer","genz":"The participant assembling the next block proposal. Getting to propose it doesn’t mean other nodes must accept broken rules.","plain":"A participant responsible for creating or proposing blocks under a network’s consensus system.","technical":"An entity performing block assembly and proposal. Selection may depend on proof-of-work, stake, delegation, authority, or other protocol-defined mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":165,"term":"Block Reward","genz":"The compensation tied to producing a block. Depending on the chain, it can include newly issued coins, fees, or both.","plain":"A reward paid under a blockchain’s rules for block production or related consensus participation.","technical":"Protocol-defined compensation that may combine issuance and transaction fees. Terminology varies: some systems distinguish the block subsidy from the total reward.","proposed":false},{"id":166,"term":"Block Size","genz":"How much data a block contains. Bigger isn’t automatically better if fewer people can afford to process it.","plain":"The amount of data in a block, subject to the network’s capacity rules.","technical":"A block’s serialized data volume. Capacity limits may instead or additionally use weighted size, computation, gas, or other resource-accounting measures.","proposed":false},{"id":167,"term":"Block Space","genz":"The limited room for getting transactions included. When everyone wants in, inclusion can become expensive.","plain":"The transaction-processing capacity available within blocks.","technical":"A scarce inclusion resource governed by data and execution limits. Demand competes through the network’s fee and scheduling mechanisms; capacity is not always measured solely in bytes.","proposed":false},{"id":168,"term":"Block Time","genz":"The gap between blocks. An average target is not a promise that the next one arrives exactly on schedule.","plain":"The time between successive blocks, often discussed as either an observed interval or a network target.","technical":"A block-production interval determined by consensus design and network conditions. Target intervals, actual intervals, and transaction finality times are distinct measurements.","proposed":false},{"id":169,"term":"Block Trade","genz":"A large trade handled as a substantial order or negotiated deal. Nothing to do with mining a blockchain block.","plain":"A large securities or asset transaction, often arranged to manage execution and market impact.","technical":"A transaction meeting venue- or market-specific size criteria, potentially executed through negotiated facilities, brokers, or exchanges. It is not necessarily an off-market trade.","proposed":false},{"id":170,"term":"Blockchain","genz":"A shared history linked by cryptographic fingerprints. Hard to rewrite under the right conditions—not magically truthful or indestructible.","plain":"A ledger that links records into blocks and uses agreed rules to determine valid updates.","technical":"A ledger structure using cryptographic commitments between blocks and a mechanism for accepting history. Public access, decentralization, replication, and finality depend on the implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":171,"term":"Blockchain Bridge","genz":"A connection between chains. Useful, but the bridge adds its own security assumptions to the journey.","plain":"A system that transfers messages or enables asset representations to move between blockchain networks.","technical":"Cross-chain infrastructure using mechanisms such as lock-and-mint, burn-and-mint, or liquidity routing. Security depends on message verification, custody, contracts, and connected-chain assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":172,"term":"Blockchain Transmission Protocol — BTP","genz":"ICON’s approach to getting separate blockchains to exchange messages instead of remaining isolated group chats.","plain":"An interoperability framework associated with ICON, intended to connect independent blockchain systems.","technical":"A cross-chain messaging framework whose components support communication and message verification between participating networks. Asset-transfer applications can be built on top of those messages.","proposed":false},{"id":173,"term":"Blockchain Trilemma","genz":"Fast, decentralized, secure: improving one can put pressure on the others. Marketing saying “solved” is not the same as proof.","plain":"A way of describing the trade-offs between scalability, decentralization, and security in blockchain design.","technical":"A design heuristic highlighting tensions among three system goals. It is not a universal mathematical impossibility theorem equivalent to the CAP theorem.","proposed":false},{"id":174,"term":"Blockweave — Arweave","genz":"A chain-like history designed to keep older data relevant—not just keep adding new pages and forgetting the archive.","plain":"Arweave’s ledger design, which links new activity with historical data as part of its storage architecture.","technical":"A blockchain-related structure associated with historical-data references and storage-access proofs. The original description includes both previous-block and recall-block relationships.","proposed":false},{"id":175,"term":"Bloomberg","genz":"A major name in financial news, data, and professional tools. The company, the terminal, and a news article aren’t interchangeable sources.","plain":"A financial information and media company providing news, market data, analytics, and professional services.","technical":"A provider of financial datasets, analytics, communications, and media products. Source attribution should identify the specific product, dataset, or publication being used.","proposed":false},{"id":176,"term":"Bloomberg Tradebook","genz":"An institutional trading-service name—not the same thing as reading prices on a Bloomberg screen.","plain":"A Bloomberg-associated brokerage and execution-services business serving professional market participants.","technical":"An institutional electronic-trading and execution-services offering. Venue access, execution functionality, and legal entity arrangements should be checked for the relevant service and period.","proposed":false},{"id":177,"term":"Bluesky","genz":"A social app built around a more open networking protocol. Not merely a future plan for Twitter.","plain":"A social platform built on the AT Protocol, which supports features such as account portability and custom feeds.","technical":"Bluesky is an application within the AT Protocol ecosystem. The application, its operator, and the underlying open protocol are distinct. Bluesky explanation","proposed":false},{"id":178,"term":"BNB — Build and Build","genz":"A token with roles across BNB’s ecosystem. Exchange perks and blockchain transaction fees are different uses.","plain":"The native asset used for transaction fees and other functions in the BNB Chain ecosystem.","technical":"An ecosystem asset supporting functions including gas payments and staking-related participation. Exchange-specific benefits depend on separate platform policies.","proposed":false},{"id":179,"term":"BNB Beacon Chain · historical","genz":"The older BNB chain—not a second name for BNB Smart Chain. The distinction matters when identifying legacy assets.","plain":"The former Binance Chain, associated with BEP-2 tokens and earlier BNB ecosystem functions.","technical":"A legacy BNB network retired through the Beacon Chain sunset programme. Historical BEP-2 records and BNB Smart Chain assets must be distinguished. BNB Chain announcement","proposed":false},{"id":180,"term":"BNB Smart Chain — BSC","genz":"The smart-contract network in the BNB family. Familiar Ethereum-style tools don’t mean it’s the same blockchain.","plain":"An EVM-compatible blockchain supporting smart contracts and tokens, with BNB used for transaction fees.","technical":"An independent execution network supporting Ethereum-compatible tooling and BEP-20 assets. Its validator system, governance, and security assumptions differ from Ethereum’s.","proposed":false},{"id":181,"term":"Bollinger Bands","genz":"A moving price envelope showing how stretched recent moves look. Touching a band is not an automatic trade signal.","plain":"A chart tool placing upper and lower bands around a moving average using a measure of price variation.","technical":"An indicator typically calculated as a moving average plus and minus a chosen multiple of rolling standard deviation. Settings and interpretation vary.","proposed":false},{"id":182,"term":"Bonding","genz":"Locking assets behind a commitment. Before bonding, check how you unbond—and what could get penalised.","plain":"Committing assets to a protocol role, often with withdrawal delays or conditions.","technical":"A mechanism encumbering collateral for participation or assurance. Bonding may involve slashing and unbonding periods; it is not universally distinct from staking.","proposed":false},{"id":183,"term":"Bonding Curve","genz":"A formula setting how price changes as tokens are issued or redeemed. “It’s a curve” doesn’t guarantee the line only goes up.","plain":"A mathematical relationship used to determine token prices from supply or another system variable.","technical":"A pricing function implemented in an issuance or redemption mechanism. Curve shape, reserve backing, fees, and redemption rights are design-specific.","proposed":false},{"id":184,"term":"Boneh–Lynn–Shacham Signature — BLS","genz":"A cryptographic signature scheme that can combine signatures efficiently. Handy when lots of validators need to sign off.","plain":"A digital-signature method known for compact signatures and support for combining multiple signatures.","technical":"A pairing-based signature scheme supporting aggregation under appropriate conditions. Implementations require correct curve selection, subgroup checks, and protections against rogue-key attacks.","proposed":false},{"id":185,"term":"Bootstrapping","genz":"Getting the project off the ground with what you have. In crypto, context matters: funding a startup and starting a network are different jobs.","plain":"Establishing a business or system from an initial set of resources and participants.","technical":"A context-dependent initialization process. Business bootstrapping generally means internally funded growth; network bootstrapping concerns initial discovery, state, participants, or incentives.","proposed":false},{"id":186,"term":"Bor Nodes","genz":"Part of Polygon PoS’s block-making machinery. EVM compatibility doesn’t make these Ethereum validators.","plain":"Nodes running Polygon PoS’s execution and block-production software.","technical":"Bor is an EVM-compatible execution client in Polygon PoS’s architecture, coordinated with its validator-management layer. Execution compatibility is separate from Ethereum consensus participation.","proposed":false},{"id":187,"term":"Borderless","genz":"Built to connect across countries—not exempt from local laws, internet outages, or access restrictions.","plain":"Describing a service or network designed for international participation without being limited to one national payment system.","technical":"A claim of geographically broad accessibility or interoperability. Actual access remains constrained by infrastructure, interfaces, legal requirements, sanctions, and service policies.","proposed":false},{"id":188,"term":"Bored Ape Kennel Club — BAKC","genz":"The dog-themed collection from the Bored Ape ecosystem. Digital companionship, not a promise of investment returns.","plain":"A collection of dog-themed NFTs originally offered through a claim process for eligible Bored Ape holders.","technical":"An NFT collection associated with the BAYC ecosystem. Token ownership, artwork rights, eligibility, and ecosystem benefits are separate contractual or project-defined matters.","proposed":false},{"id":189,"term":"Bored Ape Yacht Club — BAYC","genz":"The 10,000-ape NFT collection that became a major crypto-culture brand. Past hype doesn’t set today’s resale price.","plain":"An Ethereum NFT collection launched in 2021, featuring ape characters with different visual traits.","technical":"A collection of 10,000 non-fungible tokens associated with artwork and project-defined rights or benefits. Token ownership does not automatically imply unrestricted intellectual-property ownership.","proposed":false},{"id":190,"term":"Botnet","genz":"A fleet of compromised devices taking orders from an attacker. Their owners may have no idea they joined the squad.","plain":"A network of devices controlled together, commonly after being infected with malicious software.","technical":"A coordinated collection of compromised endpoints managed through command-and-control mechanisms, often used for distributed attacks, fraud, spam, or data theft.","proposed":false},{"id":191,"term":"Bounty","genz":"“Complete this task, earn a reward.” Check the rules before doing the work—and don’t hide that promotion was paid.","plain":"A reward offered for completing specified tasks, such as finding defects, translating content, or supporting a project.","technical":"An incentive programme with defined deliverables, eligibility, validation, and compensation terms. Promotional bounties and security bounties serve different purposes.","proposed":false},{"id":192,"term":"Brain Wallet","genz":"Making your memory the wallet backup sounds clever until you forget—or choose a phrase someone can guess.","plain":"A wallet approach relying on a memorised secret, sometimes using a human-chosen phrase to generate keys. Predictable phrases are particularly unsafe.","technical":"Typically a deterministic key derived from a memorized passphrase. Human-selected inputs often have insufficient entropy; memorization alone does not prevent guessing, coercion, or loss.","proposed":false},{"id":193,"term":"Brave Browser","genz":"A browser with privacy-focused features and optional advertising rewards. Rewards aren’t a requirement for browsing.","plain":"A web browser that includes privacy protections and an optional rewards system associated with BAT.","technical":"A Chromium-based browser incorporating privacy controls and optional advertising-related features. Protection and rewards depend on settings, eligibility, and product availability.","proposed":false},{"id":194,"term":"BRD · historical product","genz":"A wallet brand from an earlier chapter of crypto. Old feature lists shouldn’t be mistaken for today’s supported app.","plain":"A cryptocurrency wallet brand formerly known as Bread, associated with mobile wallet services and a BRD token.","technical":"A historical wallet and token ecosystem. Legacy application support, migration arrangements, and token utility require separate verification rather than inference from old documentation.","proposed":false},{"id":195,"term":"Bread Rewards · historical","genz":"The loyalty-program side of the old Bread ecosystem. A past rewards page isn’t a current entitlement.","plain":"An incentive programme associated with Bread/BRD, designed to reward qualifying participation or holdings.","technical":"A historical customer-incentive scheme with programme-specific eligibility and benefits. Past token ownership does not establish continuing reward obligations.","proposed":false},{"id":196,"term":"Breakdown","genz":"Price falls through a level traders were watching. Whether it keeps falling is the next question.","plain":"A downward move below an identified support level or trading range.","technical":"A bearish threshold breach in technical analysis. Its significance depends on timeframe, confirmation criteria, liquidity, and volume; rapid or heavy selling is not mandatory.","proposed":false},{"id":197,"term":"Breakout","genz":"Price escapes the range. Sometimes it starts a move; sometimes it heads straight back inside.","plain":"A move beyond an established price level, range, or chart pattern.","technical":"A price excursion beyond a defined technical boundary. Breakouts can be upward or downward, and false breakouts depend on the chosen confirmation framework.","proposed":false},{"id":198,"term":"Broadcaster — Livepeer","genz":"The participant sending video into the processing network. Someone still has to do the transcoding work.","plain":"A role in Livepeer’s architecture that submits video for processing into suitable streaming formats.","technical":"A client-side role originating transcoding requests and supplying media to network participants. Terminology and responsibilities depend on the relevant Livepeer architecture.","proposed":false},{"id":199,"term":"Brokerage Account","genz":"Your account for using a broker’s investment services. Check the custody setup; “in my account” doesn’t always mean directly registered in my name.","plain":"An account through which a broker holds or facilitates trading in investments for a customer.","technical":"A contractual brokerage relationship governing execution, custody, settlement, fees, and potentially margin. Ownership and protection arrangements depend on account structure and jurisdiction.","proposed":false},{"id":200,"term":"Brute-Force Attack","genz":"Trying combinations until one works. Long, unpredictable secrets make that guessing game much less practical.","plain":"An attack that systematically tests possible passwords, keys, or other secrets.","technical":"An exhaustive or broad candidate-search attack against an authentication or cryptographic secret. Feasibility depends on entropy, verification cost, rate limits, and attacker resources.","proposed":false},{"id":201,"term":"Bubble","genz":"Prices powered by “someone else will pay more” energy. Recognising the exact peak beforehand is another matter.","plain":"A period when speculative demand pushes prices far beyond levels justified by a credible assessment of value.","technical":"A market condition involving self-reinforcing price expectations and apparent valuation divergence. There is no universal crash percentage or duration defining every bubble.","proposed":false},{"id":202,"term":"Bug Bounty","genz":"Find a valid security issue, report it properly, potentially earn a reward. Stay inside the permission boundaries.","plain":"A programme rewarding researchers for responsibly reporting eligible software vulnerabilities.","technical":"An authorized vulnerability-disclosure incentive programme governed by scope, testing restrictions, reporting requirements, and reward criteria. A public programme does not authorize unrestricted attacks.","proposed":false},{"id":203,"term":"BUIDL","genz":"Less staring at candles, more making something useful.","plain":"Crypto slang encouraging people to build products, infrastructure, and other useful contributions.","technical":"An informal community slogan emphasizing development and ecosystem contribution rather than speculative price attention. It is not a technical standard or project-quality measure.","proposed":false},{"id":204,"term":"Bull Flag","genz":"A strong rise, a pause, then potentially another push upward. “Potentially” is doing important work.","plain":"A chart pattern involving a sharp increase followed by consolidation, sometimes interpreted as a possible continuation signal.","technical":"A bullish continuation formation consisting of an impulse and a smaller consolidation structure. Pattern completion and failure depend on explicit identification rules.","proposed":false},{"id":205,"term":"Bull Market","genz":"The market’s extended optimistic phase. Not every coin gets invited to the same party.","plain":"A sustained period of generally rising prices in a market or asset class.","technical":"An upward market regime identified through price trends and a chosen classification method. No single duration or percentage threshold applies universally.","proposed":false},{"id":206,"term":"Bull Run","genz":"A stretch where prices keep making strong upward moves. The ride can still include unpleasant dips.","plain":"A period of significant upward price movement, often within a wider bull market.","technical":"An informal term for a sustained positive price sequence. Its boundaries and distinction from a bull market are not standardized.","proposed":false},{"id":207,"term":"Bull Trap","genz":"The chart says “we’re back,” buyers jump in, and the recovery disappears.","plain":"An apparent upward breakout or recovery that reverses, leaving buyers expecting further gains poorly positioned.","technical":"A failed bullish signal followed by adverse price reversal. It can arise without intentional manipulation and is identified relative to a trading framework.","proposed":false},{"id":208,"term":"Bullish","genz":"Expecting upside. Confidence level: personal. Guaranteed outcome: none.","plain":"Having a positive expectation about an asset’s future price or prospects.","technical":"A directional outlook favouring appreciation over a specified horizon. Bullish sentiment is distinct from an executed position or evidence of future returns.","proposed":false},{"id":209,"term":"Burn / Burning","genz":"Taking tokens permanently out of use. Fewer tokens doesn’t automatically mean a higher price.","plain":"Removing cryptocurrency units from usable supply through a mechanism intended to make them unspendable.","technical":"A supply-reduction operation implemented through contract accounting or provably unspendable outputs. Economic effects depend on demand, issuance, and whether burned units were previously circulating.","proposed":false},{"id":210,"term":"Blockchain as a Service — BaaS · corrected heading","genz":"Rent the blockchain infrastructure support instead of running every component yourself. Outsourcing the servers doesn’t outsource every responsibility.","plain":"A managed service that helps organisations deploy and operate blockchain-related infrastructure.","technical":"Hosted infrastructure and management services for blockchain networks or applications. The source’s “Business as a Service” heading conflates distinct terms; BaaS can also mean Banking as a Service.","proposed":false},{"id":211,"term":"Business Logic Layer — BLL","genz":"The part deciding what the app is allowed to do—not merely what the button looks like.","plain":"The software layer implementing business rules, calculations, and workflows.","technical":"An architectural layer encapsulating domain rules and coordinating application operations, often between presentation and persistence components. It is distinct from raw data storage.","proposed":false},{"id":212,"term":"Business to Business — B2B","genz":"Businesses selling to other businesses. Your customer has a procurement process instead of an impulse-buy button.","plain":"A business model where products or services are supplied to other organisations.","technical":"Commercial relationships in which the customer is an enterprise or professional organisation, often involving negotiated contracts, integrations, and service requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":213,"term":"Business to Consumer — B2C","genz":"A business selling straight to everyday customers. Think shopping app, not corporate purchasing department.","plain":"A business model where products or services are sold directly to individual consumers.","technical":"Commercial delivery to end consumers, with product design, distribution, support, and applicable consumer obligations reflecting that customer relationship.","proposed":false},{"id":214,"term":"Buy Side / Sell Side","genz":"The buy side manages investment money; the sell side provides services around markets. Both can literally buy and sell.","plain":"The buy side includes investment managers allocating capital. The sell side includes firms providing brokerage, research, market-making, and issuance services.","technical":"Industry-role classifications distinguishing capital-allocation businesses from intermediary and distribution businesses. They do not identify the buyer and seller in each individual transaction.","proposed":false},{"id":215,"term":"Buy the Dip","genz":"Buying after a drop because you expect a recovery. Sometimes the “dip” comes with several more floors underneath.","plain":"Purchasing an asset following a decline in the expectation that its value will recover.","technical":"A drawdown-entry strategy whose outcome depends on valuation, trend persistence, sizing, and exit rules. It is not synonymous with scheduled dollar-cost averaging.","proposed":false},{"id":216,"term":"Buy Wall","genz":"A big stack of visible buy orders. It can look reassuring right up until someone cancels it.","plain":"A concentration of buying interest at a particular price or nearby prices in an order book.","technical":"A large displayed bid-liquidity cluster. It may absorb selling but can be withdrawn, filled, or deceptive; it does not guarantee a price floor.","proposed":false},{"id":217,"term":"Byron Phase — Cardano","genz":"Cardano’s opening chapter: getting the original network and ADA transactions running.","plain":"The first era of Cardano’s development roadmap, associated with its initial network launch.","technical":"Cardano’s foundational era, covering the original ledger, networking, and wallet infrastructure before subsequent roadmap stages expanded consensus and functionality.","proposed":false},{"id":218,"term":"Byzantine Fault Tolerance — BFT","genz":"Keeping the system working even when some participants lie, malfunction, or send conflicting stories.","plain":"The ability of a distributed system to operate correctly despite some components behaving unpredictably or maliciously.","technical":"A fault-tolerance property preserving specified safety and progress guarantees under arbitrary participant faults, within stated fault thresholds and communication assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":219,"term":"BFT Delegated Proof of Stake — BFT-DPoS","genz":"Stakeholders choose the validators, then the validators use fault-tolerant agreement rules. Election and agreement are separate jobs.","plain":"A design combining delegated validator selection with a Byzantine-fault-tolerant consensus process.","technical":"A family of architectures pairing stake-mediated delegation with BFT agreement or finality. Thresholds, scheduling, and synchrony assumptions vary; it is not one universal algorithm.","proposed":false},{"id":220,"term":"Byzantine Generals’ Problem","genz":"How does the group agree on a plan when some members might lie—and different people hear different messages?","plain":"A classic computing problem about reaching reliable agreement when some participants cannot be trusted.","technical":"A distributed-agreement problem involving arbitrary faults and inconsistent messages. Solutions depend on assumptions concerning authentication, communication timing, and the proportion of faulty participants.","proposed":false},{"id":221,"term":"C++ Programming Language","genz":"A powerful language with serious control over the machine—and plenty of ways to make mistakes at full speed.","plain":"A general-purpose programming language widely used for performance-sensitive software, including operating systems, games, and blockchain clients.","technical":"A typically compiled, statically typed language supporting procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming, with explicit control over resource management and memory.","proposed":false},{"id":222,"term":"Call Option","genz":"Pay for the right to buy at an agreed price under the contract’s rules. The right can expire worthless.","plain":"An option giving its holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy an underlying asset at a specified price.","technical":"A derivative conferring purchase rights at a strike price, exercisable according to its style and expiry. Some contracts settle the economic difference in cash rather than delivering the asset.","proposed":false},{"id":223,"term":"Call Provision","genz":"The issuer’s contractual “we can repay this early” clause. Nice for them when borrowing gets cheaper; potentially inconvenient for you.","plain":"A term allowing a bond issuer to redeem debt before its scheduled maturity under specified conditions.","technical":"An embedded issuer redemption option governed by call dates, prices, and restrictions. It creates reinvestment risk and influences valuation relative to comparable noncallable debt.","proposed":false},{"id":224,"term":"Candlestick","genz":"One compact picture of where price opened, travelled, and closed. A dramatic candle still needs context.","plain":"A chart symbol showing an asset’s opening, highest, lowest, and closing prices during a chosen period.","technical":"An OHLC visualization comprising a body and optional upper and lower shadows. Colours encode a chosen comparison convention and are not universal.","proposed":false},{"id":225,"term":"Candlestick Body","genz":"The chunky bit showing the distance between the opening and closing prices—not the whole journey.","plain":"The section of a candlestick between its opening and closing prices.","technical":"The interval bounded by open and close. Its magnitude is the absolute open–close difference, while directional styling depends on the chart convention.","proposed":false},{"id":226,"term":"Candlestick Wick","genz":"The thin lines showing how far price stretched beyond the open and close. A wick alone doesn’t explain who caused it.","plain":"The lines extending from a candlestick’s body to the period’s highest and lowest prices.","technical":"Upper and lower shadows representing extremes outside the open–close interval. Interpretation depends on data quality, trading venue, timeframe, and broader price action.","proposed":false},{"id":227,"term":"Canister — Internet Computer","genz":"An application unit carrying both code and its stored state. More than just a file dropped into a cloud folder.","plain":"A software unit on the Internet Computer that contains executable code and persistent data.","technical":"A stateful computational unit combining WebAssembly code, persistent state, and message-handling interfaces, executed within the Internet Computer’s replicated environment.","proposed":false},{"id":228,"term":"CAP Theorem","genz":"When the network splits, you can’t promise both “every answer is fully consistent” and “every request still gets served.”","plain":"A distributed-systems result showing that during a network partition, full consistency and full availability cannot both be guaranteed.","technical":"Under partition, a distributed register cannot guarantee both linearizable consistency and availability as formally defined. It is more precise than the slogan “always pick any two.” IBM explanation","proposed":false},{"id":229,"term":"Capitulation","genz":"The “I can’t take this anymore” selling phase. It might precede a recovery—or simply another decline.","plain":"Intense selling associated with investors abandoning positions after substantial losses or stress.","technical":"An informal description of concentrated liquidation or distressed selling, often accompanied by volatility and volume. It is not a reliably identifiable market-bottom signal.","proposed":false},{"id":230,"term":"Cardano — ADA","genz":"A proof-of-stake blockchain with a research-heavy design approach. ADA is its native asset, not a share in the development team.","plain":"A blockchain supporting payments and smart contracts, with ADA used for fees and participation in its ecosystem.","technical":"A proof-of-stake platform based on the Ouroboros protocol family and an extended-UTXO ledger model. ADA is its native accounting and transaction-fee asset.","proposed":false},{"id":231,"term":"Casascius Coins · historical","genz":"Physical collectibles that could hold access to real bitcoin. The metal isn’t the balance—the concealed key is what matters.","plain":"Physical Bitcoin collectibles originally produced with concealed private keys, sometimes funded with specified amounts of bitcoin.","technical":"Bearer-style physical objects incorporating private-key material beneath tamper-evident protection. Funding status, authenticity, key exposure, and collectibility require separate assessment.","proposed":false},{"id":232,"term":"CashFusion","genz":"A privacy tool making it harder to link which Bitcoin Cash inputs belong with which outputs. Harder to trace isn’t the same as invisible.","plain":"A Bitcoin Cash tool that combines participants’ transactions to reduce obvious links between their coins.","technical":"A collaborative transaction-construction protocol that permits combinations of differently sized inputs and outputs, seeking to complicate ownership inference without guaranteeing anonymity.","proposed":false},{"id":233,"term":"CashShuffle","genz":"Multiple users combine a transaction so the ownership trail is less straightforward. The blockchain record still exists.","plain":"A collaborative Bitcoin Cash transaction tool designed to make links between participants’ funds less obvious.","technical":"A CoinJoin-style protocol coordinating multiple users’ inputs and outputs within a shared transaction. Privacy depends on participation, transaction structure, and subsequent spending behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":234,"term":"Casper — Ethereum","genz":"Ethereum consensus research—not a future upgrade still waiting to replace mining.","plain":"A family of proof-of-stake consensus designs. Casper FFG forms part of Ethereum’s proof-of-stake consensus system.","technical":"Casper encompasses related research approaches, including FFG and CBC. Ethereum’s Gasper combines Casper FFG finality with LMD-GHOST fork choice. Ethereum documentation","proposed":false},{"id":235,"term":"Casper Correct by Construction — CBC","genz":"A way of designing consensus protocols from carefully defined safety rules. Not simply another name for Ethereum’s deployed consensus.","plain":"A research approach for constructing proof-of-stake agreement protocols with formally described properties.","technical":"A consensus-framework family emphasizing protocol construction from message-driven estimates and safety reasoning. It is distinct from Casper FFG and should not imply a particular network’s current implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":236,"term":"Casper Friendly Finality Gadget — FFG","genz":"Validators vote to make agreed history final, with economic penalties behind those votes.","plain":"A proof-of-stake mechanism used to justify and finalize checkpoints in Ethereum’s chain.","technical":"A checkpoint-finality protocol using supermajority stake votes and slashing conditions. Ethereum combines it with LMD-GHOST; it is not merely an unfinished proof-of-work transition tool. Ethereum documentation","proposed":false},{"id":237,"term":"CasperLabs · historical company context","genz":"A company associated with building Casper technology—not the same thing as the independent network or its token.","plain":"A blockchain software company historically associated with developing the Casper Network and enterprise-oriented blockchain tools.","technical":"A commercial development organisation associated with Casper technology. Corporate products, network governance, validator operations, and token economics should be described separately.","proposed":false},{"id":238,"term":"Caspian — CSP · historical project description","genz":"A professional crypto-trading toolkit from the source glossary. Old token perks aren’t proof those benefits still apply.","plain":"A platform described as providing institutional trading, portfolio, risk, and reporting tools, with an associated CSP token.","technical":"An institutional trading-system offering described as integrating order/execution, position, risk, and compliance functions. Current service availability and token utility require separate verification.","proposed":false},{"id":239,"term":"Catalysts — The Sandbox","genz":"Creation items used to turn assets into collectibles with particular rarity settings. Old recipes may no longer match the current crafting system.","plain":"Tokens used within The Sandbox’s asset-creation process to establish characteristics such as rarity.","technical":"Catalyst mechanics and standards have evolved; the supplied ERC-20-and-Gem-socket description is historical. Documentation describes ERC-1155 Catalysts for asset minting. The Sandbox documentation","proposed":false},{"id":240,"term":"Cboe Options Exchange","genz":"A major venue for options trading. Don’t confuse one exchange with every market operated by its wider corporate group.","plain":"A US options exchange offering trading in options on products such as equities, funds, and indexes.","technical":"An exchange within Cboe Global Markets’ group. Its options business is distinct from affiliated futures and other venues; blanket claims that it is the largest futures exchange are misleading.","proposed":false},{"id":241,"term":"Celo","genz":"Blockchain payments with a mobile-first mindset. Its architecture has evolved—old descriptions of it as a standalone chain need an update.","plain":"A blockchain ecosystem focused on accessible payments and financial applications. Celo migrated from a standalone blockchain to an Ethereum Layer 2 in March 2025.","technical":"An EVM-compatible network that transitioned to an OP Stack-based Ethereum L2 on 26 March 2025. Historical Layer-1 descriptions should be distinguished from its post-migration architecture. Celo announcement","proposed":false},{"id":242,"term":"Censorship Resistance","genz":"Making it difficult for one gatekeeper to silence your valid transaction. Not a guarantee that every app will let you through.","plain":"A network’s ability to resist attempts to prevent valid participation or transactions.","technical":"Resistance to selective exclusion or suppression by operators, validators, intermediaries, or authorities. It differs from immutability and depends on network, protocol, and access-layer conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":243,"term":"Central Bank","genz":"The institution steering a currency area’s monetary policy—not your local branch for opening a savings account.","plain":"An institution responsible for monetary policy and central-bank money, often with additional financial-stability responsibilities.","technical":"A monetary authority serving a jurisdiction or currency union. Its mandate may include monetary policy, currency issuance, reserve management, payment systems, and financial stability.","proposed":false},{"id":244,"term":"Central Bank Digital Currency — CBDC","genz":"Central-bank money in digital form. Not automatically crypto, anonymous, or a replacement for every banknote.","plain":"A digital form of money issued by a central bank, designed for public use or financial-institution settlement.","technical":"A digital central-bank liability denominated in the relevant monetary unit. Retail and wholesale designs differ in access, privacy, distribution, and settlement architecture; blockchain is optional.","proposed":false},{"id":245,"term":"Central Limit Order Book — CLOB","genz":"Buyers and sellers post their prices, and a matching system pairs compatible orders. “Central” describes the book—not necessarily who controls everything.","plain":"A shared list of buy and sell orders matched according to an exchange’s rules.","technical":"An order-driven market structure aggregating limit orders and executing compatible interest under defined priority rules, commonly price–time priority. Centralized and decentralized implementations exist.","proposed":false},{"id":246,"term":"Central Processing Unit — CPU","genz":"The computer’s general-purpose instruction worker. Important, but not automatically the fastest chip for every task.","plain":"A processor that executes instructions and coordinates many of a computer’s operations.","technical":"A general-purpose processing unit performing instruction execution, arithmetic, logic, and control operations. Performance depends on architecture, workload, memory, and parallelism.","proposed":false},{"id":247,"term":"CPU Miner","genz":"Mining with a regular processor. Whether that makes sense depends on the coin—not your laptop’s confidence.","plain":"A computer processor used to perform cryptocurrency mining calculations.","technical":"A mining implementation executing proof-of-work on CPU hardware. Competitiveness depends on the algorithm, hardware characteristics, power costs, and competing mining equipment.","proposed":false},{"id":248,"term":"Centralization","genz":"Too much decision-making or infrastructure concentrated in too few hands. A thousand servers can still have one boss.","plain":"The concentration of control, resources, or authority within a small number of participants.","technical":"Concentration across dimensions such as ownership, validation, development, infrastructure, or governance. Node count alone does not establish a system’s decentralization.","proposed":false},{"id":249,"term":"Centralized Decentralized Finance — CeDeFi","genz":"A mix of DeFi machinery and centralized management. Check who holds the keys before trusting the label.","plain":"A loosely defined model combining decentralized protocols with centrally managed financial services.","technical":"An informal classification for systems combining smart-contract-based finance with centralized custody, permissions, interfaces, or oversight. The label does not guarantee compliance or decentralization.","proposed":false},{"id":250,"term":"Centralized Exchange — CEX","genz":"A company runs the trading platform and usually holds the account keys. Convenient access comes with platform risk.","plain":"An exchange operated by a central organisation, commonly holding customer assets and matching trades internally.","technical":"A centrally administered trading venue with operator-controlled execution and account infrastructure. Custodial implementations expose users to operational, withdrawal, counterparty, and solvency risks.","proposed":false},{"id":251,"term":"Centralized Finance — CeFi","genz":"Financial services where an organisation is in charge. “Centralized” doesn’t automatically mean cheap, regulated, or safe.","plain":"Financial products managed by an intermediary, such as an exchange, custodian, or lending company.","technical":"An umbrella term for intermediary-controlled financial services, particularly in crypto. Custody, transparency, regulation, and customer protections vary by provider and jurisdiction.","proposed":false},{"id":252,"term":"CENTRE · historical","genz":"The former governance organisation behind USDC standards. Old org charts need updates too.","plain":"A consortium established by Circle and Coinbase for USDC-related governance and standards, later discontinued.","technical":"Centre was a jointly managed USDC governance consortium. In August 2023, Circle and Coinbase announced that a separate governance body was no longer needed. Circle announcement","proposed":false},{"id":253,"term":"Cerber Ransomware","genz":"Malware that holds files hostage. Paying the demand is not a guaranteed “undo” button.","plain":"A ransomware family that encrypts victims’ files and demands payment, known for an affiliate-based distribution model.","technical":"A ransomware family associated with ransomware-as-a-service operations, allowing affiliates to distribute malicious payloads in exchange for a share of proceeds.","proposed":false},{"id":254,"term":"Certificate Authority — CA","genz":"A trusted issuer vouching that a public key belongs to a particular identity or domain. A certificate isn’t a website honesty award.","plain":"An organisation that issues digital certificates connecting public keys with verified identities or domain names.","technical":"A public-key infrastructure entity signing certificates under defined validation policies. Certificates support authentication; encrypted connections additionally depend on protocols, keys, and implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":255,"term":"Certificate of Deposit — CD","genz":"Put money away for an agreed term and earn interest. Need it early? Check the exit conditions first.","plain":"A deposit product that generally holds money for a specified period in return for interest.","technical":"A term-deposit instrument with contractual maturity and interest provisions. Early withdrawal, transferability, insurance coverage, and rate structure depend on the product and jurisdiction.","proposed":false},{"id":256,"term":"Chain-Key Technology — Internet Computer","genz":"Distributed cryptography helping the network prove what it signed. More than a single magic key making everything instantly final.","plain":"A set of cryptographic techniques used by the Internet Computer to authenticate network outputs and coordinate distributed operations.","technical":"An umbrella architecture involving threshold cryptography and related protocols. Distributed participants jointly produce verifiable signatures without requiring one participant to hold the complete signing secret.","proposed":false},{"id":257,"term":"Chain Migration","genz":"A project moves to a different blockchain home. The moving plan matters—especially for your old tokens.","plain":"The transfer of a project’s assets, applications, or operating environment to another blockchain architecture.","technical":"A coordinated transition involving state, contracts, tokens, or infrastructure. Migration may require snapshots, conversion mechanisms, compatibility changes, and explicit handling of legacy assets.","proposed":false},{"id":258,"term":"Chain Reorganization","genz":"A node switches to a different accepted version of recent history. A transaction that looked included might need another turn.","plain":"A change in which branch of a blockchain a node recognises as canonical.","technical":"Replacement of a node’s previously selected chain segment under fork-choice rules. Reorganizations can remove transaction confirmations; selection is not universally based on block count alone.","proposed":false},{"id":259,"term":"Chainlink — LINK","genz":"Infrastructure connecting smart contracts with outside information and services. LINK is the token—not the data itself.","plain":"An oracle ecosystem supplying blockchain applications with external data and related services, with LINK used within its economics.","technical":"A network of oracle and interoperability services connecting on-chain applications to external systems. Data reliability depends on service configuration, source quality, and network assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":260,"term":"Change Address","genz":"Where the leftover value from a UTXO transaction goes. Crypto change, not a retailer handing back coins.","plain":"An address receiving the portion of a transaction’s inputs not spent on payments or fees.","technical":"A wallet-controlled destination for a change output. In a typical UTXO transaction, total input value equals payment outputs plus change plus transaction fees.","proposed":false},{"id":261,"term":"Changpeng Zhao — CZ","genz":"Binance’s founder, widely known as CZ. A historical “CEO” label shouldn’t be copied forward forever.","plain":"A cryptocurrency entrepreneur who founded Binance and previously served as its chief executive.","technical":"A founder and former executive associated with Binance’s development. Biographical definitions should distinguish founding history from current corporate authority.","proposed":false},{"id":262,"term":"Channel — Chart Pattern","genz":"Price appears to travel between two boundaries. Those lines are observations, not walls the market must obey.","plain":"A chart pattern in which price moves between upper and lower trendlines.","technical":"A bounded price structure described by support and resistance lines, often approximately parallel. Channels may slope upward, downward, or sideways and can break.","proposed":false},{"id":263,"term":"Charles Hoskinson","genz":"A blockchain entrepreneur associated with Ethereum’s early history and Cardano’s creation. The person, development company, and foundation are separate things.","plain":"A co-founder of Ethereum and Input Output, known for his role in creating Cardano.","technical":"A blockchain entrepreneur associated with Cardano’s research and development ecosystem. Input Output and the Cardano Foundation are distinct organisations; their responsibilities should not be conflated.","proposed":false},{"id":264,"term":"Chicago Mercantile Exchange — CME","genz":"A major derivatives venue—not a normal crypto wallet or spot exchange.","plain":"An exchange offering futures and options across financial and commodity markets, including cryptocurrency-related contracts.","technical":"A derivatives exchange within CME Group. Contract specifications govern exposure, margin, settlement, trading hours, and delivery or cash-settlement procedures.","proposed":false},{"id":265,"term":"Childchain · OMG terminology","genz":"A transaction-processing branch anchored to a parent chain. “Anchored” doesn’t mean every security problem disappears.","plain":"In the described OMG architecture, a chain processing transactions outside Ethereum while using Ethereum-based contracts for commitments and exits.","technical":"A Plasma-related execution structure with parent-chain commitments and withdrawal mechanisms. Security depends on data availability, operator behaviour, monitoring, and challenge or exit procedures.","proposed":false},{"id":266,"term":"Chunk — NEAR","genz":"A shard’s contribution to the network’s work—not just a random slice of a file.","plain":"A unit containing transaction-related information for a shard within NEAR’s architecture.","technical":"A shard-specific execution and data unit incorporated into NEAR’s block-processing framework, representing relevant transactions and associated state-transition information.","proposed":false},{"id":267,"term":"Ciphertext","genz":"The scrambled version of a message. Without the right key, it should reveal very little—not politely ask you to stop reading.","plain":"Data transformed by encryption so it cannot ordinarily be understood without the appropriate key.","technical":"The output of an encryption algorithm applied to plaintext under a key and associated parameters. Confidentiality depends on the scheme, implementation, and key management.","proposed":false},{"id":268,"term":"Circle","genz":"A financial technology company closely associated with USDC. The company and the stablecoin are not interchangeable assets.","plain":"A financial technology company known for issuing USDC and providing digital-money infrastructure.","technical":"A corporate provider of stablecoin issuance and payment-related services. Token-holder rights and reserve arrangements differ from ownership rights in the company.","proposed":false},{"id":269,"term":"Circular Economy","genz":"Less “make it, use it, bin it.” More repair, reuse, and keeping materials useful for longer.","plain":"An economic approach designed to reduce waste by extending product life and recovering materials.","technical":"A production-and-consumption model emphasizing resource retention through durability, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. Environmental outcomes depend on actual lifecycle effects.","proposed":false},{"id":270,"term":"Circulating Supply","genz":"The tokens counted as circulating—not every token that exists or could ever exist.","plain":"An estimate of the cryptocurrency units available to the market, based on a provider’s inclusion rules.","technical":"A methodology-dependent supply measure commonly excluding specified locked, reserved, or otherwise non-circulating holdings. It differs from total supply and maximum supply.","proposed":false},{"id":271,"term":"Clearing","genz":"Working out who owes what after a trade. Actually handing over the money and assets is settlement.","plain":"The process of checking trades and calculating obligations before they are completed.","technical":"Post-trade processing that may include confirmation, matching, netting, and counterparty-risk management. Clearing is related to, but distinct from, final settlement.","proposed":false},{"id":272,"term":"Cleos Command-Line Interface · EOSIO heritage","genz":"A text-command toolkit for talking to compatible blockchains. Powerful buttons, just without the buttons.","plain":"A command-line tool for querying blockchain data, submitting transactions, and interacting with contracts in the EOSIO software ecosystem.","technical":"A client utility communicating with compatible node and wallet services. Supported operations and interfaces depend on the software distribution and version.","proposed":false},{"id":273,"term":"Client–Server Model","genz":"One component asks; another provides the service. The “client” doesn’t have to be a person clicking a screen.","plain":"A computing arrangement where clients request information or actions from servers.","technical":"An interaction architecture separating service consumers from service providers. Either role may be implemented by software without a graphical interface, and systems can perform both roles.","proposed":false},{"id":274,"term":"Close — Closing Price","genz":"The price at the end of the chosen candle. Crypto never sleeping doesn’t stop a one-hour candle from closing.","plain":"The final price recorded for a selected trading session or chart interval.","technical":"The closing observation in an OHLC series, defined by interval boundaries and data methodology. In continuous markets, daily closes depend on the selected timezone or convention.","proposed":false},{"id":275,"term":"Closed-Loop Payment Network","genz":"Money or credit usable inside a particular payment ecosystem—not automatically anywhere a card terminal exists.","plain":"A payment arrangement restricted to a particular provider, merchant group, or acceptance network.","technical":"A payment system with constrained issuance and acceptance relationships. Stored value is common but not universal; costs and settlement speed depend on the implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":276,"term":"Cloud Computing","genz":"Use computing resources on demand instead of owning every machine. “Cloud” usually still means someone’s managed computers.","plain":"Access to computing services such as storage, servers, and databases through remotely managed infrastructure.","technical":"On-demand provisioning of pooled computing resources, often with elasticity and usage-based metering. Cloud services may be public, private, hybrid, centralized, or distributed.","proposed":false},{"id":277,"term":"Cloud Mining","genz":"Pay someone else for mining capacity. No rig in your bedroom—but plenty of contract and counterparty risk.","plain":"Purchasing mining services or hash power from a provider rather than operating the equipment yourself.","technical":"A contractual allocation of mining output or capacity. Returns depend on hardware performance, difficulty, asset prices, fees, uptime, and the provider’s reliability.","proposed":false},{"id":278,"term":"Code Repository","genz":"The project’s code home, often with a history of who changed what and when.","plain":"A location for storing source code and related project files, commonly managed with version-control software.","technical":"A versioned collection of project artifacts and change history. Repository visibility does not by itself establish code quality, licensing rights, or correspondence with deployed software.","proposed":false},{"id":279,"term":"Coin Mixer","genz":"A tool trying to make transaction links harder to follow. Privacy isn’t automatically anonymity—or proof the service is safe.","plain":"A service or protocol that combines or rearranges transaction flows to reduce traceability.","technical":"A privacy mechanism obscuring relationships between inputs and outputs. Custodial and non-custodial designs differ in trust, security, and privacy properties.","proposed":false},{"id":280,"term":"Coin Swap / Token Swap","genz":"Either exchanging one asset for another or moving from an old token to its replacement. Check which meaning applies before clicking.","plain":"An exchange between tokens, or a project-organised conversion from one token version to another.","technical":"A context-dependent term covering market exchange and asset migration. Pricing, conversion ratios, eligibility, deadlines, and supported contracts differ between these processes.","proposed":false},{"id":281,"term":"Coinbase — Company and Exchange","genz":"A crypto-services company and trading platform. Not the same “coinbase” as Bitcoin’s mining-reward transaction.","plain":"A US-founded cryptocurrency company providing trading, custody, and related services.","technical":"A centralized crypto-services business whose shares began trading on Nasdaq through a direct listing in April 2021—not a conventional IPO. Coinbase listing announcement","proposed":false},{"id":282,"term":"Coinbase Transaction","genz":"Bitcoin’s special block-opening transaction for the miner’s payout. No connection to having a Coinbase exchange account.","plain":"The first transaction in a Bitcoin block, through which the miner claims the permitted subsidy and transaction fees.","technical":"A special transaction with a coinbase input rather than ordinary spent outputs. Its outputs are constrained by reward limits and a maturity requirement before spending.","proposed":false},{"id":283,"term":"CoinJoin","genz":"Several users help build one transaction so ownership links become less obvious. The transaction itself remains public.","plain":"A technique combining multiple participants’ payments into a shared transaction to improve privacy.","technical":"Collaborative transaction construction in which participants authorize their own inputs. Privacy depends on output structure, coordination, participant behaviour, and subsequent transactions.","proposed":false},{"id":284,"term":"Cold Storage","genz":"Keep signing secrets away from internet-connected systems. The coins stay on the blockchain—not inside a USB stick.","plain":"A method of protecting cryptocurrency keys by keeping them offline or strongly isolated from online systems.","technical":"A key-custody approach minimizing network exposure of signing material. Security also depends on generation, backups, physical access, and transaction-verification procedures.","proposed":false},{"id":285,"term":"Cold Wallet","genz":"A wallet setup keeping the private keys offline. It still needs a recovery plan and careful signing.","plain":"A wallet designed to store or use private keys without exposing them to an internet-connected environment.","technical":"An offline or isolated signing arrangement. Hardware wallets can support such workflows, but using a hardware device does not automatically make every workflow air-gapped.","proposed":false},{"id":286,"term":"Collateral","genz":"The asset backing your obligation. If the deal goes wrong, that asset may be taken or sold.","plain":"Property or funds pledged to secure a loan or another financial commitment.","technical":"An asset subject to a security or contractual arrangement supporting an obligation. Enforcement and liquidation depend on valuation, priority, legal terms, and protocol rules.","proposed":false},{"id":287,"term":"Collateral Factor","genz":"The borrowing-power haircut. Deposit £1,000 at a 50% factor and the starting limit may be £500—not £1,000.","plain":"A percentage determining how much borrowing capacity an eligible collateral asset provides.","technical":"A protocol parameter applied to collateral value when calculating borrowing capacity. It may differ from the liquidation threshold and should not be confused with a collateral-to-debt ratio.","proposed":false},{"id":288,"term":"Collateral Token","genz":"A token accepted as backing. “Accepted as collateral” doesn’t mean its price can’t collapse.","plain":"A digital token pledged to support a loan, payment, or other obligation.","technical":"A token recognized within a collateral framework, subject to valuation, eligibility, concentration, haircut, and liquidation rules. Its role is contextual, not necessarily an inherent token property.","proposed":false},{"id":289,"term":"Collateralization","genz":"Putting assets behind a promise. How much backing exists—and who can claim it—matters.","plain":"The process of securing an obligation with assets that can be used if its conditions are not met.","technical":"Creation of an enforceable or protocol-defined collateral relationship. Arrangements may be overcollateralized, fully collateralized, or undercollateralized and need not occur on-chain.","proposed":false},{"id":290,"term":"Collateralized Debt Obligation — CDO","genz":"Debt exposures bundled and sliced into different risk layers. Repackaging risk doesn’t delete it.","plain":"A structured investment that distributes cash flows and losses from a pool of debt exposures among different investor classes.","technical":"A securitization structure issuing tranches with different payment priorities against debt assets or credit exposures. Correlation, defaults, recoveries, and structural leverage shape risk.","proposed":false},{"id":291,"term":"Collateralized Debt Position — CDP","genz":"Lock backing, create debt, keep the position healthy. If the collateral weakens too much, liquidation can enter the chat.","plain":"A borrowing position secured by deposited assets, commonly associated with the original Maker system.","technical":"A collateral-and-debt position governed by borrowing limits, charges, and liquidation conditions. Repayment and collateral withdrawal must satisfy the relevant contract rules.","proposed":false},{"id":292,"term":"Collateralized Loan Obligation — CLO","genz":"A pool of loans with investors taking different places in the repayment queue.","plain":"A structured investment backed by a portfolio of loans, with different classes bearing different risks.","technical":"A securitization typically backed by corporate loans and financed through debt and equity tranches. Cash-flow waterfalls and coverage tests allocate payments and losses.","proposed":false},{"id":293,"term":"Collateralized Mortgage Obligation — CMO","genz":"Mortgage cash flows split into packages. Homeowners repaying early can change the investment’s timing.","plain":"A mortgage-backed investment that divides payments into classes with different cash-flow characteristics.","technical":"A structured mortgage security allocating principal and interest across tranches. Prepayment, extension, interest-rate, and credit risks depend on the collateral and structure.","proposed":false},{"id":294,"term":"Collator — Polkadot","genz":"The parachain block-preparation crew. Preparing a candidate isn’t the same as providing the whole network’s final security.","plain":"A participant that gathers parachain transactions and prepares candidate blocks for validation.","technical":"A parachain node maintaining execution state and producing candidate blocks with proof-of-validity data for relay-chain validators. Collation and relay-chain validation are distinct responsibilities.","proposed":false},{"id":295,"term":"Colored Coins · historical","genz":"An early “this bitcoin output represents something else” idea. Tokenization before today’s token standards became familiar.","plain":"An early approach to representing assets using specially interpreted Bitcoin transactions or outputs.","technical":"A family of overlay schemes assigning asset meaning to selected Bitcoin outputs. Asset semantics depend on additional rules beyond Bitcoin’s native monetary validation.","proposed":false},{"id":296,"term":"Combolist","genz":"A list of login combinations often traded after breaches. Reusing one password can give attackers more places to try it.","plain":"A collection of usernames or email addresses paired with passwords, often assembled from compromised information.","technical":"A machine-readable credential dataset commonly used in credential-stuffing attacks. Its presence indicates neither that every credential is valid nor that every listed service was breached.","proposed":false},{"id":297,"term":"Command-Line Interface — CLI","genz":"Tell software what to do by typing commands. Less clicking, more precision—and fewer excuses for ignoring the command.","plain":"A text-based interface for controlling software and viewing results.","technical":"An interaction mechanism accepting commands, arguments, and options through a terminal or similar environment. CLIs support scripting and automation as well as direct use.","proposed":false},{"id":298,"term":"Commit Chain","genz":"Do work elsewhere, then publish a cryptographic checkpoint to a parent chain. The checkpoint alone doesn’t prove every result is correct.","plain":"A system that periodically records commitments to off-chain activity on another blockchain.","technical":"A broadly used architectural term for systems anchoring state commitments to a parent chain. Security depends on validity enforcement, data availability, custody, and exit mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":299,"term":"Commodities","genz":"Standardised goods such as oil, wheat, or metals. “Interchangeable” still depends on grade, location, and delivery terms.","plain":"Goods traded largely according to their type and quality rather than the identity of their producer.","technical":"Economically substitutable goods or exposures within defined specifications. Physical characteristics, delivery constraints, storage, and contractual standards affect fungibility and price.","proposed":false},{"id":300,"term":"Commodity Exchange Act — CEA","genz":"A major US rulebook for commodity derivatives—not a blanket approval stamp for every token called a commodity.","plain":"A US law forming a central part of the regulatory framework for commodity futures and other covered derivatives.","technical":"A federal statutory framework governing specified derivatives markets and related conduct, administered principally by the CFTC. Exact obligations depend on the activity and instrument. CFTC overview","proposed":false},{"id":301,"term":"Commodity Futures Trading Commission — CFTC","genz":"A US markets regulator with a major derivatives brief. Its jurisdiction isn’t simply “all crypto everywhere.”","plain":"A US federal agency overseeing derivatives markets and enforcing laws within its authority.","technical":"A regulator responsible for market oversight and enforcement concerning covered futures, options, swaps, and related conduct under federal law. CFTC description","proposed":false},{"id":302,"term":"Commodity-Backed Stablecoin","genz":"A token linked to a commodity such as gold. Stable against the commodity doesn’t mean stable against pounds or dollars.","plain":"A token intended to represent or track a specified quantity of a commodity held as backing.","technical":"A commodity-referenced token whose claim, reserves, custody, and redemption arrangements depend on issuer terms. Commodity-price movements remain a source of fiat-denominated volatility.","proposed":false},{"id":303,"term":"Community Node — Crypto.com · historical terminology","genz":"A participant role in an older network design. Don’t assume the name describes every current Crypto.com-related chain.","plain":"A node category described in Crypto.com’s earlier architecture for accessing and relaying network information and transactions.","technical":"A historical node role associated with transaction submission, verification, reception, and ledger access. Exact capabilities require the relevant architecture and version.","proposed":false},{"id":304,"term":"Community Representative — C-Rep · ICON historical terminology","genz":"A representative connecting a community to a wider network. Similar-sounding node titles can still mean different jobs.","plain":"A representative role in ICON’s earlier architecture, intended to connect participating communities with the broader network.","technical":"A community-representation concept from ICON’s original interoperability model. It should not be treated as interchangeable with Public Representative, or P-Rep, validator roles.","proposed":false},{"id":305,"term":"COMP — Compound","genz":"Compound’s governance token. Holding one doesn’t automatically let you rewrite the protocol.","plain":"A token used to participate in Compound governance, including through delegated voting power.","technical":"A governance asset whose proposal and voting functions depend on governance contracts, thresholds, and delegation. Distribution programmes and parameters can change over time.","proposed":false},{"id":306,"term":"Compiler","genz":"The translator turning your code into another form the system can use. Successful compilation doesn’t mean your logic is correct.","plain":"Software that converts a program from one representation or language into another.","technical":"A transformation system performing operations such as parsing, semantic analysis, optimization, and code generation. Output may be machine code, bytecode, or another source language.","proposed":false},{"id":307,"term":"Compliance","genz":"Meeting the rules that actually apply—not merely adding “compliant” to the homepage.","plain":"Following relevant laws, regulations, standards, and contractual or organisational requirements.","technical":"A controlled process for identifying obligations, implementing measures, maintaining evidence, and addressing violations. Applicable requirements depend on jurisdiction, activity, and organisational role.","proposed":false},{"id":308,"term":"Composability","genz":"Software building blocks that work together. Useful combinations can also pass one project’s problems into another.","plain":"The ability to combine components or services to create new functions.","technical":"A design property enabling interoperable composition through compatible interfaces and assumptions. In DeFi, composition can introduce dependencies, correlated risks, and transaction-ordering effects.","proposed":false},{"id":309,"term":"Compound","genz":"A protocol for supplying and borrowing assets. Not every deposited asset earns interest in every version.","plain":"A DeFi lending ecosystem where users can supply supported assets or borrow under collateral rules.","technical":"A family of smart-contract money-market implementations. Interest accrual, collateral treatment, borrowing assets, and liquidation mechanics vary between markets and protocol versions.","proposed":false},{"id":310,"term":"Compound Annual Growth Rate — CAGR","genz":"The smooth yearly growth rate connecting the starting value to the ending value. The real journey may have been anything but smooth.","plain":"The constant annual growth rate that would turn an initial value into a final value over a specified period.","technical":"For positive beginning value \\(B\\), ending value \\(E\\), and \\(n\\) years: CAGR = (E/B)^(1/n) − 1. Intermediate cash flows require appropriate adjustment.","proposed":false},{"id":311,"term":"Computational Backlog","genz":"More work waiting than the system has finished. The queue grows while everyone wonders why things feel slow.","plain":"A buildup of processing tasks that have not yet been completed.","technical":"Accumulated pending computational work caused by arrivals exceeding service capacity or by processing delays. Backlog affects latency and resource requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":312,"term":"Compute-to-Data","genz":"Send the calculation to the data instead of copying the data everywhere. Helpful for privacy, but outputs can still leak information.","plain":"An approach where processing happens near or within the environment holding the data.","technical":"An execution model reducing raw-data movement by bringing authorized computation to controlled datasets. Privacy depends on isolation, permissions, output controls, and workload behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":313,"term":"Computer-Aided Design — CAD","genz":"Design the object digitally before committing to real-world materials. Your screen’s undo button is cheaper than rebuilding a wall.","plain":"Software for creating, modifying, and documenting designs, such as buildings, machinery, or products.","technical":"Digital tooling for geometric modelling, drafting, and design documentation in two or three dimensions. Simulation and manufacturing integration depend on the software suite.","proposed":false},{"id":314,"term":"Concealment — Cybersecurity","genz":"Malware trying to stay off the radar. Hiding is a technique, not a single species of malicious software.","plain":"Methods used to hide malicious activity, files, or system changes from users and security tools.","technical":"Evasion or stealth behaviour using techniques such as obfuscation, masquerading, or rootkit functionality. Concealment is a capability rather than a precise malware category.","proposed":false},{"id":315,"term":"Confirmation Time","genz":"How long until the transaction reaches the confirmation level you’re waiting for. “Submitted” and “final” are different milestones.","plain":"The time required for a transaction to be included and reach a specified level of confirmation.","technical":"Elapsed time to a defined inclusion or confirmation condition. It differs from confirmation count and depends on congestion, consensus, fees, and finality criteria.","proposed":false},{"id":316,"term":"Consensus Mechanism","genz":"The rules helping distributed participants agree which history counts. Agreement doesn’t make outside-world claims automatically true.","plain":"A method a distributed network uses to agree on accepted records or state.","technical":"A protocol establishing agreement under specified fault and communication assumptions. Practical systems combine validation, participant selection, ordering, fork choice, and finality components.","proposed":false},{"id":317,"term":"Consensys","genz":"A company building blockchain tools—not the organisation that centrally controls Ethereum.","plain":"A blockchain software company associated with Ethereum-related applications and infrastructure.","technical":"A commercial developer of Web3 software and services. Its products and corporate decisions are distinct from Ethereum’s distributed protocol governance and validation.","proposed":false},{"id":318,"term":"Consortium Blockchain","genz":"Several organisations share the network’s steering wheel. More than one operator doesn’t automatically mean open participation.","plain":"A blockchain managed by a group of organisations rather than one company or an unrestricted public network.","technical":"A typically permissioned ledger with governance and validation distributed among selected entities. Data access and transaction privileges depend on consortium policy.","proposed":false},{"id":319,"term":"Constant Product Formula","genz":"The pool’s quantities move around a mathematical curve. It doesn’t mean token prices stay fixed or both reserves stay equal.","plain":"A trading-pool formula that relates the quantities of two assets using x × y = k.","technical":"A constant-product AMM invariant where reserve changes determine marginal exchange rates. Fees, liquidity additions, and removals can change \\(k\\); equal reserve quantities are not required.","proposed":false},{"id":320,"term":"Constant Reserve Ratio — CRR · terminology correction","genz":"A reserve relationship built into some token-pricing curves—not automatically a central bank’s cash-reserve rule.","plain":"In bonding-curve systems, a fixed relationship between reserve value and the token’s calculated value.","technical":"A bonding-curve parameter commonly expressed as reserve balance / (token supply × marginal price). The source conflates this with bank reserve requirements, which are a separate concept.","proposed":false},{"id":321,"term":"Consumer Price Index — CPI","genz":"A measure of how prices change for a representative shopping basket. Your personal basket may feel very different.","plain":"An index tracking price changes for selected goods and services purchased by a defined consumer population.","technical":"A weighted price index constructed under a statistical agency’s coverage and sampling methodology. It measures consumer-price change, not every household’s exact cost experience.","proposed":false},{"id":322,"term":"Consumer to Business — C2B","genz":"An individual supplies value to a company—think freelance work, licensed content, or an agreed promotion.","plain":"A commercial model where individuals provide products, services, or other value to businesses.","technical":"A transaction relationship in which an individual acts as supplier and an organisation as customer. It extends beyond advertising or influencer arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":323,"term":"Consumer to Consumer — C2C","genz":"One person sells to another, often with a platform handling the introductions and payment tools.","plain":"Trading or exchanging goods and services between individuals.","technical":"A peer-marketplace commercial relationship, commonly facilitated by an intermediary. The platform’s payment or dispute role does not change the parties’ underlying classification.","proposed":false},{"id":324,"term":"Content Delivery Network — CDN","genz":"Copies of content closer to users, so everyone doesn’t have to fetch everything from one distant server.","plain":"A distributed system that helps deliver website files, video, and other content efficiently.","technical":"A network of edge servers using caching, routing, and related mechanisms to reduce delivery latency and origin load. CDNs are not specific to decentralized applications.","proposed":false},{"id":325,"term":"Continuous Order Book","genz":"Orders arrive and can match throughout the session—not only when a scheduled auction rings the bell.","plain":"An order book that supports ongoing trading as compatible buy and sell orders become available.","technical":"A continuous trading structure maintaining resting orders and applying matching rules to incoming interest, in contrast to periodic batch or call-auction execution.","proposed":false},{"id":326,"term":"Contract for Difference — CFD","genz":"Trade the price change without owning the underlying asset. Leverage can turn a small market move into a large account move.","plain":"A derivative agreement that settles the difference in an asset’s reference price between opening and closing.","technical":"A typically cash-settled contract providing long or short price exposure without underlying ownership. Costs and risks include financing, leverage, execution, and counterparty exposure.","proposed":false},{"id":327,"term":"Contract Separation — GUSD context","genz":"Different contracts handle different jobs. Cleaner boundaries can help, but extra components can create extra failure points too.","plain":"A design approach dividing a token system’s responsibilities across several smart contracts.","technical":"Modular separation of functions such as interfaces, execution logic, and storage. Security depends on permissions and interactions, not merely on having multiple contracts.","proposed":false},{"id":328,"term":"Convergence","genz":"Two measurements move closer together. Say which ones—“converging” by itself leaves half the story out.","plain":"A reduction in the difference between two prices, indicators, or other measurements.","technical":"A context-specific narrowing of a measured gap. In derivatives, it may describe futures and underlying reference prices approaching one another near settlement.","proposed":false},{"id":329,"term":"Cookie — HTTP","genz":"A small browser-stored value helping a site remember context. Sometimes useful, sometimes tracking—not literally a password snack.","plain":"Data stored by a browser and sent with relevant website requests, often for sessions, preferences, or analytics.","technical":"A browser-managed name–value record governed by domain, path, expiry, and security attributes. Cookies may carry session identifiers; they need not store passwords.","proposed":false},{"id":330,"term":"Coordinated Universal Time — UTC","genz":"The shared timestamp reference keeping “when did this happen?” from becoming a timezone argument.","plain":"The international time standard used to coordinate clocks and timestamps. It does not switch for daylight saving.","technical":"A global civil-time reference used for consistent timestamping across systems. Local display zones apply offsets and daylight-saving rules separately.","proposed":false},{"id":331,"term":"Copy Trading","genz":"Automatically follow another trader’s moves. You can copy their losses too—and your execution may be worse.","plain":"A service that reproduces another trader’s transactions in a user’s account.","technical":"An execution arrangement mapping source trades to follower accounts under allocation rules. Outcomes differ with latency, sizing, instruments, fees, and available capital.","proposed":false},{"id":332,"term":"Corporate Bond","genz":"You lend to a company instead of buying a slice of ownership. The promise to repay still depends on the borrower.","plain":"A debt security issued by a company, generally providing contractual payments and repayment terms.","technical":"A corporate debt instrument whose valuation reflects credit quality, seniority, maturity, rates, liquidity, and embedded options. Equity ownership is not normally conferred.","proposed":false},{"id":333,"term":"Correction","genz":"A meaningful price pullback. Calling it a “healthy correction” doesn’t guarantee the recovery arrives.","plain":"A notable decline from a recent high, often discussed within a broader upward market trend.","technical":"An informal market classification, commonly associated with a decline around 10% or more. Thresholds vary, and the label does not establish fair value or future direction.","proposed":false},{"id":334,"term":"Cosmos — ATOM distinction","genz":"An ecosystem of connected blockchains—not one giant chain where every project uses ATOM.","plain":"An ecosystem and technology stack for building interoperable blockchains. ATOM is specifically associated with the Cosmos Hub.","technical":"A collection of independently governed networks using technologies such as Cosmos SDK and IBC. Ecosystem membership does not imply shared tokens, security, or governance.","proposed":false},{"id":335,"term":"Gravity Bridge","genz":"A bridge between Ethereum assets and Cosmos-connected environments. It isn’t simply another name for the Cosmos Hub.","plain":"A project designed to transfer asset representations between Ethereum and Cosmos-based networks.","technical":"A cross-chain bridge architecture combining Ethereum contracts with validator-coordinated infrastructure. Custody and message-validation assumptions must be assessed separately from Cosmos Hub security.","proposed":false},{"id":336,"term":"Cosmos Hub","genz":"One important blockchain in the Cosmos ecosystem—not the compulsory headquarters of every connected chain.","plain":"A proof-of-stake blockchain associated with ATOM and interoperability through IBC.","technical":"An independently governed chain using ATOM for staking and governance. Its role and security relationships do not make every Cosmos ecosystem chain subordinate to it.","proposed":false},{"id":337,"term":"Cosmos Software Development Kit — SDK","genz":"A build-your-own-blockchain toolkit. Useful modules save work, but the finished chain still needs careful engineering.","plain":"An open-source framework for developing application-specific blockchains.","technical":"A modular application framework providing state-management and transaction-processing components, commonly integrated with CometBFT consensus. Chain behaviour depends on selected and custom modules.","proposed":false},{"id":338,"term":"CosmWasm","genz":"A smart-contract environment for compatible chains. “Wasm” doesn’t mean any random program can safely become a contract.","plain":"A framework for running WebAssembly-based smart contracts, commonly integrated with Cosmos SDK chains.","technical":"A deterministic smart-contract execution environment with defined host interfaces and tooling, commonly using Rust for contract development. Cross-chain functionality requires additional protocol support.","proposed":false},{"id":339,"term":"Cost Basis","genz":"The recorded starting cost used to work out a gain or loss—not necessarily just today’s chart price or your original cash payment.","plain":"The amount assigned to an asset for calculating a gain or loss, including adjustments required by the relevant rules.","technical":"A valuation basis determined by acquisition method, eligible costs, adjustments, and accounting or tax rules. Lot selection and asset transfers can affect the calculation.","proposed":false},{"id":340,"term":"Council Node — Crypto.com · historical terminology","genz":"A high-authority role in an older network design. Treat it as architecture history, not a description of every current chain.","plain":"A node category described in Crypto.com’s earlier architecture with consensus and administrative responsibilities.","technical":"A historical role assigned functions including transaction ordering, settlement coordination, participant permissions, and reward accounting. Responsibilities are specific to the referenced design.","proposed":false},{"id":341,"term":"Counter-Terrorist Financing — CTF","genz":"Follow the money to stop it funding terrorism—even when the money originally came from somewhere legal.","plain":"Measures to prevent funds or other resources from supporting terrorists and terrorist organisations.","technical":"A compliance and enforcement framework addressing terrorist financing from legitimate or illegitimate sources, distinct from merely identifying criminal proceeds. FATF guidance","proposed":false},{"id":342,"term":"Counterparty — Protocol","genz":"A way to build token features on Bitcoin. Not the same “counterparty” as the person across your trade.","plain":"A protocol enabling asset issuance and related functionality using Bitcoin transactions.","technical":"An overlay protocol interpreting Bitcoin-embedded data under additional asset and application rules beyond Bitcoin’s native consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":343,"term":"Counterparty Risk","genz":"The risk that the other side doesn’t deliver. A polished website doesn’t remove it.","plain":"The possibility that another party fails to meet its financial or contractual obligations.","technical":"Exposure to loss from counterparty default or non-performance. Smart contracts can change this exposure without eliminating technical or economic risks.","proposed":false},{"id":344,"term":"Coupon Payment","genz":"A bond’s scheduled interest payment—not a discount code.","plain":"Interest paid to a bondholder according to the bond’s terms.","technical":"A contractual interest distribution, commonly calculated from principal, coupon rate, and accrual period. Rates and payment schedules may vary.","proposed":false},{"id":345,"term":"Credit Rating","genz":"An assessment of repayment risk, not a guarantee that the borrower will pay.","plain":"An opinion about the creditworthiness of a borrower or debt instrument.","technical":"A rating agency’s assessment of relative credit risk under its methodology, subject to revision and distinct from investment suitability.","proposed":false},{"id":346,"term":"Credit Risk","genz":"You lend the money; getting it all back is the uncertain part.","plain":"The risk of loss because a borrower cannot or does not repay as agreed.","technical":"Potential loss arising from default or credit deterioration, influenced by default probability, exposure, recovery, and contractual seniority.","proposed":false},{"id":347,"term":"Cronos — CRO","genz":"An ecosystem asset associated with Cronos and Crypto.com—not company shares.","plain":"A cryptocurrency used for fees, staking, and other functions across associated networks and services.","technical":"An ecosystem asset with chain-specific gas and staking roles. Platform benefits depend on separate product terms and eligibility.","proposed":false},{"id":348,"term":"Cross Margin","genz":"Multiple positions share the safety cushion. One bad trade can put more of that cushion at risk.","plain":"A margin arrangement using eligible account collateral to support multiple positions.","technical":"Shared collateral accounting across covered positions. Liquidation exposure depends on portfolio rules, eligible assets, and the platform’s margin model.","proposed":false},{"id":349,"term":"Cross-Chain Communication","genz":"Different blockchains exchanging messages instead of staying in separate group chats.","plain":"The transfer of information between blockchain networks.","technical":"Protocol-mediated messaging across distinct consensus domains, requiring mechanisms to authenticate origin, interpret messages, and manage delivery or finality assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":350,"term":"Cross-Chain Message Passing — XCMP","genz":"Polkadot’s messaging machinery for communication between connected chains.","plain":"A protocol design for exchanging messages between Polkadot parachains.","technical":"A cross-parachain transport mechanism. XCMP concerns message delivery and should be distinguished from XCM, the message format and instruction language.","proposed":false},{"id":351,"term":"Crowdloan — Polkadot/Kusama · historical","genz":"Communities temporarily committed tokens to help projects compete for old-style parachain slots.","plain":"A funding-support mechanism used with the former parachain slot-auction model.","technical":"Contributors locked DOT or KSM to support lease bids. Crowdloans were deprecated with Agile Coretime’s introduction. Polkadot support","proposed":false},{"id":352,"term":"CRV Token","genz":"Curve’s governance-related token. Voting influence depends on more than simply spotting CRV in your wallet.","plain":"A token associated with Curve’s governance and liquidity incentives.","technical":"Curve’s ecosystem token, with governance influence commonly mediated through vote-escrow locking. Incentive eligibility depends on programme and contract rules.","proposed":false},{"id":353,"term":"Crypto Mining Processor — CMP","genz":"Hardware built for mining rather than making your games look prettier.","plain":"A processor or product line designed specifically for cryptocurrency mining workloads.","technical":"Mining-oriented hardware optimized for particular workloads, potentially omitting display capabilities. Efficiency depends on the algorithm and device architecture.","proposed":false},{"id":354,"term":"Crypto Ransomware","genz":"Malware encrypts your files and demands payment. “Crypto” here refers to cryptography, not necessarily the ransom currency.","plain":"Ransomware that encrypts data to pressure victims into paying for recovery.","technical":"Extortion malware denying data access through encryption. Payment does not guarantee decryption, restoration, or deletion of stolen information.","proposed":false},{"id":355,"term":"Crypto Token","genz":"A programmable digital unit. What it actually gives you depends on the rules—not the ticker.","plain":"A digital asset recorded and managed through blockchain-based systems.","technical":"A ledger-represented unit with defined transfer, issuance, and permission rules. Utility, ownership rights, and fungibility vary by implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":356,"term":"Crypto-Backed Loan","genz":"Borrow against your crypto instead of immediately selling it. Falling collateral prices can still force a sale.","plain":"A loan secured by cryptocurrency.","technical":"Credit collateralized by digital assets, arranged through centralized lenders or smart contracts. Terms govern valuation, custody, margin calls, and liquidation.","proposed":false},{"id":357,"term":"Crypto-Backed Stablecoin","genz":"A price-targeting token supported by crypto collateral. The peg still needs working risk controls.","plain":"A stablecoin backed partly or entirely by cryptocurrency assets.","technical":"A target-value token using crypto collateral and stabilization mechanisms, often including overcollateralization and liquidation. Backing composition and redemption rights vary.","proposed":false},{"id":358,"term":"Crypto-Collateralized Loan","genz":"Same basic idea as a crypto-backed loan: pledge crypto, receive borrowing capacity.","plain":"A loan using cryptocurrency as security for repayment.","technical":"A synonym or near-synonym for crypto-backed lending. Overcollateralization and absence of credit checks are common in some designs, not universal requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":359,"term":"Crypto.com","genz":"A crypto-services business with apps and products—not a synonym for every chain using CRO.","plain":"A company offering cryptocurrency trading, payment, custody, and related services.","technical":"A centralized service provider associated with several crypto products and ecosystems. Corporate custody and blockchain consensus operate under different trust assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":360,"term":"Cryptoart","genz":"Art connected to blockchain tokens. Owning the token doesn’t automatically give you the copyright.","plain":"Artwork associated with blockchain-based ownership or provenance records, often NFTs.","technical":"An artistic category using tokenization for distribution, provenance, or ownership claims. Artwork storage, licensing, and token rights are separate matters.","proposed":false},{"id":361,"term":"Cryptocurrency","genz":"Digital value managed with cryptography and network rules. Not every crypto works like Bitcoin.","plain":"A digital asset using cryptographic mechanisms to authorize transfers and maintain records.","technical":"A digital monetary or value-transfer system governed by ledger rules. Consensus, privacy, issuance, and decentralization vary between implementations.","proposed":false},{"id":362,"term":"Cryptocurrency Address","genz":"A destination identifier—not a promise that you’ve chosen the right network or person.","plain":"An identifier used when sending or receiving assets on a blockchain.","technical":"A protocol-specific encoding identifying an account, script, or spending condition. Addresses are not universally unique across chains or equivalent to wallets.","proposed":false},{"id":363,"term":"Cryptocurrency Exchange","genz":"A place to trade crypto. Check who controls the assets and how trades settle.","plain":"A platform or protocol for exchanging cryptocurrency against other assets.","technical":"A venue supporting digital-asset price discovery and execution. Custody, matching, settlement, access, and regulatory arrangements depend on the model.","proposed":false},{"id":364,"term":"Cryptocurrency Faucet","genz":"Small token handouts, not an infinite money tap. Testnet tokens usually aren’t investment assets.","plain":"A service distributing small amounts of cryptocurrency or test tokens.","technical":"A rate-limited distribution mechanism used for onboarding, experimentation, or promotion, often with eligibility checks and anti-abuse controls.","proposed":false},{"id":365,"term":"Cryptocurrency Trading Pair","genz":"One asset priced in another: BTC/USDT asks how much USDT buys one BTC.","plain":"Two assets traded against each other on a market.","technical":"A base/quote relationship defining price units and exchange direction. Either side may be cryptocurrency, a stablecoin, or fiat currency.","proposed":false},{"id":366,"term":"Cryptocurrency Wallet","genz":"Your tool for managing access and signing—not a container with digital coins physically inside.","plain":"Software or hardware for managing cryptocurrency accounts and transactions.","technical":"An interface for key management, signing, balance discovery, or custodial account access. Wallets may control multiple addresses and networks.","proposed":false},{"id":367,"term":"CryptoDefense Ransomware · historical","genz":"An older file-encryption extortion threat. A scary countdown isn’t proof that paying works.","plain":"A ransomware family known for encrypting victims’ files and demanding payment.","technical":"Historical file-encrypting malware targeting compromised systems. It should not automatically be classified as a CryptoLocker variant merely because of similar naming.","proposed":false},{"id":368,"term":"Cryptographic Proof","genz":"Mathematical evidence that a defined claim checks out. Privacy is optional—not every proof hides information.","plain":"Evidence that can be checked using cryptographic methods.","technical":"A construction establishing a specified property under cryptographic assumptions. Zero-knowledge proofs add particular privacy guarantees not shared by all cryptographic proofs.","proposed":false},{"id":369,"term":"Cryptographically Verifiable","genz":"You can check the cryptographic evidence instead of accepting “trust me.” That doesn’t prove the original claim was truthful.","plain":"Capable of being checked through cryptographic methods.","technical":"A property established using signatures, commitments, hashes, or proofs. Verification demonstrates the encoded claim, not necessarily external-world accuracy.","proposed":false},{"id":370,"term":"Cryptography","genz":"The maths behind secrets, signatures, and tamper checks—not just scrambling messages.","plain":"Techniques for protecting information and verifying identities, messages, or computations.","technical":"The study and construction of mechanisms for confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and related guarantees under explicit adversarial and computational assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":371,"term":"Cryptography Mailing List","genz":"The email discussion space where Bitcoin’s whitepaper made its debut.","plain":"A cryptography discussion list associated with Satoshi Nakamoto’s 2008 Bitcoin announcement.","technical":"A historical communication forum covering cryptographic systems and policy. Its archived Bitcoin announcement is a primary historical source.","proposed":false},{"id":372,"term":"Cryptojacking","genz":"Someone secretly uses your computing power for mining. Their rewards, your electricity bill.","plain":"Unauthorized use of a device or computing account to mine cryptocurrency.","technical":"Resource hijacking through malicious software or compromised infrastructure, resulting in unauthorized mining workloads and associated operational costs.","proposed":false},{"id":373,"term":"CryptoKitties","genz":"Collectible blockchain cats you could breed and trade. Cute does not mean financially predictable.","plain":"An Ethereum-based game featuring collectible digital cats represented by NFTs.","technical":"An early NFT application combining ERC-721 ownership records with game-specific breeding and trait mechanics.","proposed":false},{"id":374,"term":"CryptoLocker Ransomware · historical","genz":"An infamous file-hostage attack family. Backups matter more than trusting an attacker’s promises.","plain":"Ransomware known for encrypting files and demanding payment for a decryption key.","technical":"A historical ransomware family using cryptography for extortion. Similarly named successors and copycats should not automatically be treated as the same malware.","proposed":false},{"id":375,"term":"Cryptomining","genz":"Compete to produce valid proof-of-work blocks. It’s not every blockchain’s job, and not every node mines.","plain":"Using computing resources to participate in proof-of-work block production.","technical":"Repeated computational work seeking a proof satisfying the network’s target, with candidate blocks independently checked against consensus rules.","proposed":false},{"id":376,"term":"CryptoPunks","genz":"A pioneering collection of 10,000 pixel characters. Famous history doesn’t lock in future prices.","plain":"An Ethereum collectible collection launched in 2017.","technical":"An early tokenized-art collection using a custom ownership contract predating ERC-721. Token identity and artwork rights require separate interpretation.","proposed":false},{"id":377,"term":"CryptoWall Ransomware · historical","genz":"Another file-encryption extortion family—not simply CryptoLocker with a new logo.","plain":"Ransomware distributed through malicious delivery methods to encrypt files and demand payment.","technical":"A historical ransomware family associated with file encryption and extortion. Distribution methods and cryptographic implementation differed across versions.","proposed":false},{"id":378,"term":"Cascading Style Sheets — CSS","genz":"The styling rules deciding whether a webpage looks polished or like an abandoned spreadsheet.","plain":"A language controlling webpage presentation, including layout, colours, and typography.","technical":"A declarative styling language applying cascading rules to structured documents, with selectors, inheritance, layout systems, and responsive conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":379,"term":"cToken — Compound","genz":"A receipt for a supplied position in Compound’s cToken markets—not a guaranteed instant-withdrawal ticket.","plain":"A token representing assets supplied to a Compound market.","technical":"A receipt token whose exchange rate reflects the underlying lending position. Redemption depends on available liquidity and protocol conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":380,"term":"Cumulus — Polkadot","genz":"Tooling that helps a blockchain built with Substrate operate as a Polkadot parachain.","plain":"Components for integrating compatible application chains with Polkadot’s parachain architecture.","technical":"Development infrastructure supporting parachain runtimes, collators, and relay-chain integration within the Polkadot SDK ecosystem.","proposed":false},{"id":381,"term":"Currency Crisis","genz":"Confidence in a currency falls sharply, and defending its value becomes difficult.","plain":"A severe disruption involving a currency’s value, convertibility, or exchange-rate stability.","technical":"A monetary-market crisis often involving depreciation pressure, reserve losses, capital flight, or failure of an exchange-rate commitment.","proposed":false},{"id":382,"term":"Curve","genz":"A trading protocol known for efficient swaps between similarly priced assets—not exclusively stablecoins.","plain":"A decentralized exchange ecosystem using liquidity pools with specialized pricing designs.","technical":"An AMM ecosystem including stable-asset and other pool types. Pricing efficiency and risk depend on invariant, liquidity, and asset behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":383,"term":"Custodial Wallet","genz":"You control the account login; someone else controls the signing keys.","plain":"A wallet service where a third party manages cryptocurrency keys on the user’s behalf.","technical":"An access arrangement dependent on a custodian’s authorization and key management, creating withdrawal, operational, legal, and counterparty exposure.","proposed":false},{"id":384,"term":"Custodian","genz":"The party trusted to safeguard assets. Trust still needs evidence and clear terms.","plain":"An organisation or person responsible for holding and protecting assets for others.","technical":"A service provider undertaking safekeeping and associated administration under specified custody arrangements, with responsibilities determined by law and contract.","proposed":false},{"id":385,"term":"Custody","genz":"Who actually safeguards the assets and can authorize movement? That’s the question behind the label.","plain":"The holding and protection of assets on someone’s behalf.","technical":"A control-and-safekeeping arrangement covering assets or signing credentials. Segregation, legal ownership, and insolvency treatment require separate assessment.","proposed":false},{"id":386,"term":"Customer Due Diligence — CDD","genz":"More than checking a passport: understand who the customer is and what risks the relationship brings.","plain":"Checks used to understand customers, ownership, and the purpose of a business relationship.","technical":"Risk-based identification, verification, beneficial-ownership assessment, and ongoing monitoring under applicable compliance requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":387,"term":"Customer Identification Program — CIP","genz":"The account-opening identity-check programme—not the whole compliance department.","plain":"A formal process for verifying customer identity at covered financial institutions.","technical":"A US regulatory programme requiring applicable institutions to maintain risk-based identity-verification procedures, records, and related controls.","proposed":false},{"id":388,"term":"Cyber Attack","genz":"An attempt to steal, disrupt, manipulate, or break into digital systems.","plain":"Malicious activity targeting computers, networks, software, or data.","technical":"An adversarial action against confidentiality, integrity, availability, or authorized system operation, whether launched remotely or through local access.","proposed":false},{"id":389,"term":"Cybersecurity","genz":"Protect the systems, detect trouble, and recover when prevention isn’t enough.","plain":"Practices for protecting digital systems and information from threats.","technical":"Risk management spanning prevention, detection, response, and recovery across technology, people, and processes.","proposed":false},{"id":390,"term":"Cycles — Internet Computer","genz":"The resource credits powering canister work. Not the same thing as holding ICP for investment.","plain":"Units used to pay for computation and other resources on the Internet Computer.","technical":"A resource-accounting unit consumed by canister operations, storage, and related services according to network pricing rules.","proposed":false},{"id":391,"term":"Cypherpunk","genz":"Privacy through cryptography—not merely liking crypto prices.","plain":"Someone supporting the use of cryptographic technology to protect privacy and individual freedom.","technical":"A participant in a movement promoting practical cryptographic tools for privacy and social change, associated with early-1990s organising.","proposed":false},{"id":392,"term":"Daedalus Wallet — Cardano","genz":"A desktop Cardano wallet that checks the chain itself, with more resource demands than a lightweight app.","plain":"A desktop wallet designed to operate with a full Cardano node.","technical":"A non-custodial, hierarchical deterministic wallet architecture incorporating local chain synchronization and validation.","proposed":false},{"id":393,"term":"Daemon","genz":"A background program doing its job without asking you to babysit a window.","plain":"A program that runs in the background to provide services or perform ongoing tasks.","technical":"A background process, commonly long-lived, responding to events or requests without direct interactive control.","proposed":false},{"id":394,"term":"Dagger — historical Polygon tool","genz":"An Ethereum event-notification tool—not the similarly named mining-algorithm idea.","plain":"A historical tool for receiving notifications about Ethereum accounts and events.","technical":"An event-monitoring service associated with Polygon’s earlier tooling. The name requires context because unrelated blockchain technologies also use it.","proposed":false},{"id":395,"term":"DAI","genz":"A token designed to stay near one dollar. “Designed to” is not the same as “cannot depeg.”","plain":"A dollar-targeting stablecoin originating in Maker’s collateralized finance system.","technical":"A stablecoin governed by collateral and monetary mechanisms. Its backing should not be described as exclusively ETH or necessarily exclusively decentralized assets.","proposed":false},{"id":396,"term":"dAppChain — Loom · historical terminology","genz":"A chain tailored to an application’s needs rather than making every app share identical settings.","plain":"An application-focused chain described in Loom’s earlier scaling architecture.","technical":"An application-specific execution environment with configurable consensus and performance characteristics, whose security depends on its own deployment and anchoring design.","proposed":false},{"id":397,"term":"Dapper Labs","genz":"A company associated with blockchain collectibles and games—not the owner of every NFT its ecosystem supports.","plain":"A blockchain technology company known for projects including CryptoKitties, Flow, and NBA Top Shot.","technical":"A commercial developer of consumer-facing blockchain infrastructure and applications. Company operations, network governance, and collectible rights are distinct.","proposed":false},{"id":398,"term":"Dark Web","genz":"Services reached through special networks or software. Hidden access doesn’t automatically mean criminal activity.","plain":"Internet services intentionally accessible through specialised networks rather than ordinary public browsing alone.","technical":"Services hosted within overlay networks such as Tor or I2P. Their privacy properties depend on implementation and user behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":399,"term":"Darknode — Ren · historical architecture","genz":"A node role in RenVM’s earlier cross-chain system. Old participation terms aren’t current operating instructions.","plain":"A participant in RenVM’s distributed asset-transfer infrastructure.","technical":"A historical node role supporting multiparty computation and cross-chain custody functions, with protocol-specific bonding and incentive conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":400,"term":"Data Access Layer — DAL","genz":"The part handling “get this data” so the rest of the app doesn’t need database details everywhere.","plain":"Software that manages access to stored information.","technical":"An abstraction separating persistence operations from application logic, typically encapsulating queries, mappings, and storage-specific behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":401,"term":"Data Anchoring","genz":"Publish a fingerprint of data somewhere harder to rewrite. That doesn’t publish—or prove the truth of—the original data.","plain":"Recording a cryptographic reference to data on another ledger.","technical":"Committing hashes or related proofs to an external system for later integrity or timestamp checks. Availability and factual accuracy remain separate.","proposed":false},{"id":402,"term":"Data Packet","genz":"A network-sized parcel of information, usually far smaller than an entire download.","plain":"A formatted unit of data sent across a network.","technical":"A transmission unit containing payload and protocol metadata. Size depends on the protocol and link constraints.","proposed":false},{"id":403,"term":"Data Science","genz":"Turn data into useful evidence—not just a colourful chart with confident captions.","plain":"Using analytical and computational methods to investigate data and answer questions.","technical":"An interdisciplinary practice combining statistics, computing, domain knowledge, and evaluation to model phenomena and support decisions.","proposed":false},{"id":404,"term":"Data Scraping","genz":"Software extracts information from pages. Being visible online doesn’t automatically grant unlimited reuse rights.","plain":"Automatically collecting data from websites or other interfaces.","technical":"Programmatic extraction and transformation of displayed or structured content, subject to access permissions, reliability limitations, and applicable usage restrictions.","proposed":false},{"id":405,"term":"Data Verification Mechanism — UMA","genz":"When a disputed claim needs resolution, the protocol asks its voting mechanism—not a magic truth detector.","plain":"UMA’s mechanism for resolving disputed oracle questions.","technical":"A token-incentivized dispute-resolution process in which voting determines the protocol-recognized answer under specified rules and economic assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":406,"term":"Datatoken — Ocean","genz":"A token representing access under a data-service arrangement—not automatic ownership of the whole dataset.","plain":"A token used to access a dataset or data service in Ocean’s architecture.","technical":"A tokenized access mechanism, commonly ERC-20-based, whose consumption or ownership interacts with service-specific authorization and licensing.","proposed":false},{"id":407,"term":"Day Trader","genz":"Opens and closes positions over short daily sessions. More activity doesn’t automatically mean more profit.","plain":"A trader primarily seeking short-term price moves without carrying positions beyond the chosen trading day.","technical":"A participant using intraday strategies, with outcomes sensitive to transaction costs, execution, liquidity, and risk controls.","proposed":false},{"id":408,"term":"dBFT 2.0","genz":"An updated version of Neo’s delegated agreement system, designed to handle consensus interruptions more robustly.","plain":"A version of Neo’s delegated Byzantine-fault-tolerant consensus protocol.","technical":"A BFT consensus implementation incorporating recovery-related messaging and protocol refinements. Guarantees depend on validator and communication assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":409,"term":"Dead Cat Bounce","genz":"The recovery looked alive; the wider downtrend wasn’t finished.","plain":"A temporary rebound during a broader price decline.","technical":"A retrospective label for a rally followed by renewed weakness, not a reliably identifiable real-time signal.","proposed":false},{"id":410,"term":"Dead Coin","genz":"A project that appears abandoned or inactive. A listed ticker alone doesn’t prove life.","plain":"An informal term for a cryptocurrency project with little meaningful activity or support.","technical":"A non-standard classification based on indicators such as development, network operation, liquidity, and communications; no universal threshold applies.","proposed":false},{"id":411,"term":"Death Cross","genz":"A shorter moving average drops below a longer one. Dramatic name, imperfect forecasting.","plain":"A bearish chart signal commonly involving the 50-day average crossing below the 200-day average.","technical":"A lagging moving-average crossover whose significance depends on parameter selection, market regime, and testing methodology.","proposed":false},{"id":412,"term":"Debt Instrument","genz":"A documented obligation to repay money—not a slice of company ownership.","plain":"A contract or security representing borrowed funds and repayment terms.","technical":"A financial claim specifying principal, payment conditions, maturity, and other creditor rights, potentially transferable in secondary markets.","proposed":false},{"id":413,"term":"Debugger","genz":"Pause the program, inspect what happened, and find where the logic went sideways.","plain":"A tool helping developers investigate software errors.","technical":"Software supporting execution control, breakpoints, state inspection, and tracing. It assists diagnosis rather than automatically repairing defects.","proposed":false},{"id":414,"term":"Decentraland — MANA","genz":"A virtual-world ecosystem with tokenized assets. Buying virtual land doesn’t guarantee visitors or income.","plain":"A virtual environment associated with MANA and tokenized land.","technical":"An application ecosystem using fungible and non-fungible assets for transactions and ownership records, with utility determined by platform rules.","proposed":false},{"id":415,"term":"Decentralized Application — dApp","genz":"An app using blockchain-based logic, possibly wrapped in a very ordinary website.","plain":"An application relying on decentralized infrastructure for some of its functions.","technical":"Software combining distributed execution or state with interfaces and supporting services. A dApp may still depend on centralized hosting or APIs.","proposed":false},{"id":416,"term":"Decentralized API — dAPI","genz":"Blockchain-accessible data feeds. The name doesn’t erase the need to check who supplies the data.","plain":"An API3 term for data services made available to blockchain applications.","technical":"An oracle-service model involving API-provider-originated data and on-chain delivery mechanisms, with security determined by feed configuration and provenance.","proposed":false},{"id":417,"term":"Decentralized Autonomous Organization — DAO","genz":"An organisation using shared rules and governance tooling. Token voting isn’t automatically equal voting.","plain":"An organisation coordinating decisions and resources using blockchain-related governance mechanisms.","technical":"A governance structure combining contracts, voting, and operational arrangements. Autonomy, legal status, and decentralization vary considerably.","proposed":false},{"id":418,"term":"Decentralized Exchange — DEX","genz":"Trade through protocol rules rather than a conventional exchange account. Fees and admin powers can still exist.","plain":"A trading system that uses blockchain settlement and typically lets users retain control of their keys.","technical":"A protocol-based exchange architecture with varying matching, custody, and governance models. Decentralization and transaction costs require individual assessment.","proposed":false},{"id":419,"term":"DEX Aggregator","genz":"Checks multiple trading routes so you don’t manually compare every pool.","plain":"A service that searches or combines liquidity from several decentralized exchanges.","technical":"A routing layer optimizing execution across available venues, considering factors such as price impact, fees, gas, and liquidity.","proposed":false},{"id":420,"term":"DEX Protocol","genz":"The actual trading rules underneath the exchange interface.","plain":"The contracts and mechanisms determining how a decentralized exchange works.","technical":"A specification and implementation covering order handling, pricing, settlement, permissions, and possibly liquidity incentives.","proposed":false},{"id":421,"term":"Decentralized Finance — DeFi","genz":"Financial functions run through blockchain protocols. “DeFi” isn’t shorthand for “nothing can go wrong.”","plain":"Financial applications using smart contracts and blockchain infrastructure.","technical":"Protocol-based markets for activities such as exchange, lending, and asset management, with varying degrees of permissionlessness, composability, and intermediary dependence.","proposed":false},{"id":422,"term":"Decentralized Governance","genz":"Decisions distributed beyond one boss—at least in design. Check who actually has the votes and execution keys.","plain":"Shared processes for deciding how a network or application changes.","technical":"Governance distributing proposal, deliberation, voting, or execution authority across participants through on-chain and/or off-chain mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":423,"term":"Decentralized Identifier — DID","genz":"An identifier you can control cryptographically—not automatic proof of your passport identity.","plain":"A standardized identifier supporting independently verifiable control.","technical":"A method-specific URI associated with verification methods and related metadata. DIDs need not use blockchains or identify people. W3C standard","proposed":false},{"id":424,"term":"Decentralized Network","genz":"A network without one participant controlling everything. Distributed machines can still share concentrated ownership.","plain":"A network in which authority or operation is spread among multiple participants.","technical":"A system distributing control across entities. Resilience depends on topology, incentives, governance, and common dependencies—not merely participant count.","proposed":false},{"id":425,"term":"Decentralized Oracle Network — DON","genz":"Multiple oracle participants help deliver external information. Ten copies of one bad source are still one bad source.","plain":"A network supplying outside data or computation to blockchain applications.","technical":"An oracle architecture distributing responsibilities across operators, sources, or computation. Correlated dependencies can limit effective decentralization.","proposed":false},{"id":426,"term":"Decentralized Storage Network — DSN","genz":"Store data across participating providers rather than relying on one storage company.","plain":"A network where multiple independent participants provide storage capacity.","technical":"Distributed storage infrastructure with system-specific replication, retrieval, payment, and verification mechanisms. Encryption and permanent availability are not automatic.","proposed":false},{"id":427,"term":"Decentralization","genz":"Spread the power, not just the server locations.","plain":"Reducing concentration of authority or control within a system.","technical":"A multidimensional property covering governance, ownership, validation, development, and infrastructure. Improvements in one dimension do not ensure decentralization elsewhere.","proposed":false},{"id":428,"term":"DeCloud — Akash terminology","genz":"A marketplace approach to cloud resources—not computing without any physical servers.","plain":"A term associated with Akash’s decentralized cloud-computing model.","technical":"Provider-based resource provisioning coordinated through a decentralized marketplace. Workload security and availability depend on providers and deployment configuration.","proposed":false},{"id":429,"term":"Decryption","genz":"Turn encrypted data back into readable information using the right cryptographic inputs.","plain":"Reversing encryption to recover the original data.","technical":"Application of a decryption algorithm and key to ciphertext, potentially with authentication checks and associated parameters.","proposed":false},{"id":430,"term":"Deep Web","genz":"Everything useful a search engine can’t simply index—including your inbox. Not automatically the dark web.","plain":"Web content not indexed by ordinary search engines.","technical":"Non-indexed resources such as authenticated services and database-driven content. The category does not imply secrecy, illegality, or specialised access software.","proposed":false},{"id":431,"term":"DeFi Pulse Index — DPI","genz":"Several DeFi tokens packaged into one index-style exposure. Diversified doesn’t mean low-risk.","plain":"A tokenized product designed to track a selected basket of DeFi assets.","technical":"An index-based token exposure governed by constituent-selection, weighting, and rebalancing methodology, with additional contract and liquidity risks.","proposed":false},{"id":432,"term":"Deflation","genz":"Prices broadly fall over time. That’s different from one token burning supply.","plain":"A sustained decline in the general price level of goods and services.","technical":"Negative aggregate inflation under a specified price index. Token-supply contraction is a separate concept and does not establish economic deflation.","proposed":false},{"id":433,"term":"Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance — dBFT","genz":"Selected participants agree on the ledger using fault-tolerant rules.","plain":"A consensus design where designated or elected validators perform Byzantine-fault-tolerant agreement.","technical":"A delegated validator architecture implementing BFT consensus. Security depends on selection, fault thresholds, and communication assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":434,"term":"Delegated Proof of Contribution — DPoC · ICON terminology","genz":"A governance-and-rewards design intended to recognize contributions, not just possession of tokens.","plain":"An ICON-associated model linking delegation and incentives with ecosystem participation.","technical":"A historical economic-governance framework associated with contribution scoring and delegated influence. It should not be reduced to a universal consensus algorithm.","proposed":false},{"id":435,"term":"Delegated Proof of Stake — DPoS","genz":"Stakeholders help choose who produces blocks. Representation can improve coordination and concentrate power.","plain":"A system in which stakeholders vote for or delegate support to network validators.","technical":"A validator-selection model using stake-weighted delegation or elections. Consensus, reward sharing, and penalties vary by implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":436,"term":"Delegation","genz":"Assign influence or staking support without necessarily handing over spendable control of your coins.","plain":"Authorizing another participant to exercise a defined role on your behalf.","technical":"Assignment of voting or staking weight under protocol rules. Custody, withdrawal conditions, and risk exposure depend on the mechanism.","proposed":false},{"id":437,"term":"Delegator","genz":"Supports a validator or representative without necessarily running the machinery.","plain":"A participant assigning stake or voting power to another participant.","technical":"An account or entity participating through delegation. Delegators need not operate nodes and may face protocol-specific penalties or lockups.","proposed":false},{"id":438,"term":"Delisting","genz":"The platform stops supporting that market or asset. Check what happens to withdrawals separately.","plain":"Removal of an asset or trading pair from a platform.","technical":"Termination of specified listing services, potentially affecting trading, deposits, or custody differently. It does not make the underlying blockchain disappear.","proposed":false},{"id":439,"term":"Denial-of-Service Attack — DoS","genz":"Make a service too overwhelmed or broken to serve legitimate users.","plain":"An attack intended to make a system unavailable.","technical":"Resource exhaustion or fault exploitation targeting availability. It can involve traffic floods or carefully crafted low-volume requests.","proposed":false},{"id":440,"term":"Deposit","genz":"Move funds into an account or protocol—and verify the asset, network, and destination first.","plain":"Adding funds to a wallet service, account, or financial protocol.","technical":"An inbound value transfer recognized under the recipient’s accounting rules. Deposits may occur on-chain, internally, or through banking systems.","proposed":false},{"id":441,"term":"Deposit Contract","genz":"The contract receiving assets under particular rules. Depositing doesn’t automatically mean staking or earning rewards.","plain":"A smart contract that accepts assets for a defined purpose.","technical":"A contract recording or managing deposited value, with purpose-specific crediting, custody, withdrawal, and interaction conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":442,"term":"Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation — DTCC","genz":"Major post-trade infrastructure: the work after traders say “deal.”","plain":"A financial-market infrastructure group providing clearing, settlement, and related services.","technical":"A group whose subsidiaries support securities processing, depository functions, and risk management. Specific responsibilities belong to distinct entities.","proposed":false},{"id":443,"term":"Depth-Limited Search — DLS","genz":"Explore the search tree, but stop at a chosen depth. Not a Cosmos consensus algorithm.","plain":"A search technique that does not explore beyond a specified number of steps.","technical":"A depth-first search variant with a depth cutoff. It can miss solutions beyond that limit and is unrelated to blockchain consensus itself.","proposed":false},{"id":444,"term":"Derivative","genz":"A contract whose value depends on something else. Owning it isn’t necessarily owning the underlying asset.","plain":"A financial contract linked to an asset, rate, index, or event.","technical":"An instrument with payoffs determined by referenced variables and contractual terms, including futures, options, forwards, and swaps.","proposed":false},{"id":445,"term":"Deshielding Transaction","genz":"Value leaves a shielded pool for a transparent destination. Some privacy ends at that boundary.","plain":"A transaction moving funds from shielded to transparent accounting in systems such as Zcash.","technical":"A transition exposing transparent-side information while relying on shielded-pool proofs. Amounts and behavioural links can affect remaining privacy.","proposed":false},{"id":446,"term":"Design Axiom — DA","genz":"A guiding design principle—not proof the finished product achieves it.","plain":"A foundational assumption or requirement used to shape a system.","technical":"A stated architectural premise. In the source’s Crypto.com context, it describes project-specific goals rather than a universally standardized blockchain concept.","proposed":false},{"id":447,"term":"Desktop Wallet","genz":"Wallet software on your computer. Its safety still depends on the computer and how keys are handled.","plain":"A cryptocurrency wallet application installed on a desktop or laptop.","technical":"A locally installed wallet interface whose custody, signing, connectivity, and validation model depend on implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":448,"term":"Deterministic Module","genz":"Same relevant inputs and state, same result. Random surprises aren’t part of the specification.","plain":"A component that behaves predictably from the same starting conditions.","technical":"A software or hardware module whose outputs are fixed by defined inputs and state. Determinism is not limited to electronic circuit boards.","proposed":false},{"id":449,"term":"Development Network — Devnet","genz":"The experimental playground. Expect resets; don’t confuse test balances with real holdings.","plain":"A network used to develop and test software separately from production.","technical":"A development environment with configurable participants and state. Persistence, permissions, and fidelity to mainnet vary.","proposed":false},{"id":450,"term":"Dharma Wallet · historical","genz":"A former DeFi-wallet product. Old feature lists are not current service promises.","plain":"A historical wallet and DeFi-access application associated with Ethereum.","technical":"A legacy product integrating wallet and financial-service functionality. Present availability should not be inferred from historical marketing.","proposed":false},{"id":451,"term":"Digital Art","genz":"Art made or presented digitally. Adding an NFT changes the ownership framework, not whether it was already art.","plain":"Art created or substantially expressed using digital technology.","technical":"Artistic work involving digital creation, processing, or presentation. Blockchain registration is optional and does not determine the category.","proposed":false},{"id":452,"term":"Digital Asset","genz":"Something of value represented digitally. Crypto is one category, not the whole universe.","plain":"An asset existing or represented in digital form.","technical":"A broad category encompassing digital rights, records, tokens, and other resources; legal and economic characteristics depend on context.","proposed":false},{"id":453,"term":"Digital Currency","genz":"Money represented electronically. It doesn’t automatically come with decentralization or a blockchain.","plain":"A currency or monetary value held and transferred digitally.","technical":"A digital monetary representation that may be centrally administered or decentralized, with system-specific issuance and transfer rules.","proposed":false},{"id":454,"term":"Digital Currency Electronic Payment — DCEP","genz":"An earlier name associated with China’s digital-currency initiative—not an independent decentralized cryptocurrency.","plain":"Terminology associated with development of China’s central-bank digital currency, the e-CNY.","technical":"A central-bank digital-money initiative with institutionally governed issuance and distribution, distinct from permissionless cryptocurrency consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":455,"term":"Digital Dollar","genz":"An ambiguous phrase. Ask whether they mean a stablecoin, bank money, or a proposed central-bank currency.","plain":"A general term for digital representations of US-dollar value.","technical":"A context-dependent label that does not itself establish issuer, legal claim, reserve backing, or official CBDC status.","proposed":false},{"id":456,"term":"Digital Identity","genz":"The information representing you online—not automatically a verified real-world identity.","plain":"Data and credentials used to represent a person, organisation, or device.","technical":"A context-specific collection of identifiers, attributes, and authentication material. Verification and disclosure depend on the identity system.","proposed":false},{"id":457,"term":"Digital Signature","genz":"Proof that a signing key approved particular data—not proof that the message is honest.","plain":"A cryptographic method for checking a message’s integrity and its association with a signing key.","technical":"A private-key-generated value verifiable with the corresponding public key. It does not inherently authenticate the recipient or establish legal identity.","proposed":false},{"id":458,"term":"Digital Signature Algorithm — DSA","genz":"One particular signature scheme, not the generic name for every digital signature.","plain":"A public-key signature algorithm historically included in US digital-signature standards.","technical":"A finite-field discrete-log signature scheme. FIPS 186-5 no longer approves DSA for new signature generation, while retaining legacy verification. NIST standard","proposed":false},{"id":459,"term":"Dilution","genz":"More units can shrink your share of the total. That doesn’t mechanically dictate tomorrow’s price.","plain":"A reduction in proportional ownership or participation because additional units are issued.","technical":"Expansion of an ownership or token denominator, potentially reducing existing holders’ relative claims. Market-value effects depend on additional factors.","proposed":false},{"id":460,"term":"Direct Market Access — DMA","genz":"Send orders electronically into a venue through permitted infrastructure—not a bypass around market rules.","plain":"Access allowing clients to submit orders to trading venues through an intermediary’s systems.","technical":"An execution arrangement combining venue connectivity with intermediary permissions and risk controls. It need not involve algorithmic trading.","proposed":false},{"id":461,"term":"Direct Public Offering — DPO","genz":"A company offers securities directly. Fewer traditional intermediaries doesn’t mean fewer applicable laws.","plain":"A public securities offering arranged directly by an issuer rather than through conventional underwriting.","technical":"An issuance approach subject to applicable registration or exemption requirements. It is not universally synonymous with a stock-exchange direct listing.","proposed":false},{"id":462,"term":"Directed Acyclic Graph — DAG","genz":"Arrows connect nodes, but you can’t follow them around a loop back home.","plain":"A graph with directed connections and no directed cycles.","technical":"A mathematical data structure used in many systems, including some ledgers. DAGs do not inherently eliminate blocks, fees, or validators.","proposed":false},{"id":463,"term":"Directional Trading","genz":"Your trade needs the market to move your way.","plain":"Trading based on an expectation that an asset’s price will rise or fall.","technical":"A strategy maintaining net exposure to price direction, using spot or derivative instruments, with risk dependent on position structure.","proposed":false},{"id":464,"term":"Discord","genz":"Community servers, chats, and calls. A project’s “admin” message can still be an impersonation.","plain":"A communication platform supporting text, voice, video, and organised communities.","technical":"A hosted communications service frequently used by crypto projects. Membership and messages do not independently verify identity or project legitimacy.","proposed":false},{"id":465,"term":"Discounted Cash Flow — DCF","genz":"Estimate future cash, bring it back to today’s value, and remember the assumptions drive the answer.","plain":"A valuation method based on the present value of expected future cash flows.","technical":"Discounted expected cash flows plus any terminal value, using rates consistent with risk and cash-flow definition. Not every token grants cash-flow rights.","proposed":false},{"id":466,"term":"Disk Operating System — DOS","genz":"An older operating-system label—not merely a black window with text.","plain":"An operating system providing disk-based file and program management, often associated with MS-DOS.","technical":"A historical class of operating systems offering storage, execution, and device services. A command-line interface is not itself an operating system.","proposed":false},{"id":467,"term":"Distributed Denial-of-Service — DDoS","genz":"Many sources overwhelm one target. More attackers—or devices—make filtering harder.","plain":"An availability attack launched through multiple sources.","technical":"Distributed resource exhaustion or service disruption using traffic or requests from multiple origins, which need not all be compromised devices.","proposed":false},{"id":468,"term":"Distributed Hash Table — DHT","genz":"A shared lookup system helping peers find which node handles a particular key.","plain":"A distributed system for storing and locating information by key.","technical":"A structured overlay mapping keys to responsible peers with routing and membership mechanisms. Consensus is not inherently required.","proposed":false},{"id":469,"term":"Distributed Ledger Technology — DLT","genz":"Multiple participants maintain coordinated records. A blockchain is one way to do it.","plain":"Technology for sharing and updating a ledger across multiple systems.","technical":"Replicated recordkeeping with defined synchronization and agreement mechanisms. DLT may be permissioned and does not necessarily use a blockchain structure.","proposed":false},{"id":470,"term":"Distributed Randomness Generation — DRG","genz":"Generate randomness collectively so one participant has less ability to rig the draw.","plain":"A process in which multiple participants help produce random values.","technical":"A protocol aiming for properties such as unpredictability, bias resistance, and verifiability. VRFs and VDFs are possible components, not universal requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":471,"term":"Divergence","genz":"Price says one thing; another measurement stops backing it up. Interesting evidence, not an automatic reversal alarm.","plain":"A situation where related measurements move apart or fail to confirm one another.","technical":"A discrepancy defined by a chosen analytical framework, such as price versus momentum. Interpretation depends on timeframe and measurement rules.","proposed":false},{"id":472,"term":"Diversification","genz":"Spread exposure across genuinely different risks—not twenty tokens moving like the same trade.","plain":"Holding different investments to reduce dependence on any single exposure.","technical":"Portfolio construction using imperfectly correlated assets or strategies. It can reduce concentration risk but cannot eliminate market-wide losses.","proposed":false},{"id":473,"term":"Dividend","genz":"A company distributes value to shareholders. It isn’t guaranteed or always paid on a fixed schedule.","plain":"A payment or distribution made to shareholders.","technical":"A corporate distribution, commonly cash or additional shares, subject to declaration, eligibility, and applicable legal constraints.","proposed":false},{"id":474,"term":"Dividend Reinvestment Plan — DRIP","genz":"Dividends buy more shares instead of landing as spendable cash.","plain":"An arrangement automatically reinvesting dividends into additional holdings.","technical":"A reinvestment programme governed by execution, fee, fractional-share, and eligibility rules. Discounts and improved returns are not guaranteed.","proposed":false},{"id":475,"term":"DNV","genz":"An assurance and classification company. An audit logo still needs a clear scope behind it.","plain":"A company providing assurance, certification, classification, and related technical services.","technical":"A professional assurance organisation whose conclusions apply to specific engagements and standards, not automatically to every claim made by a client.","proposed":false},{"id":476,"term":"Do Your Own Research — DYOR","genz":"Check the receipts, not just the influencer’s confidence.","plain":"Independently investigate a project’s claims, risks, and supporting evidence.","technical":"A due-diligence principle covering provenance, economics, technical controls, and uncertainty. It does not excuse misleading promotion or shift away all responsibility.","proposed":false},{"id":477,"term":"Docking · historical Ethereum terminology","genz":"An older term for joining Ethereum’s execution history to proof-of-stake consensus—not a generic technical standard.","plain":"Historical language associated with what became Ethereum’s Merge.","technical":"A legacy roadmap term for integrating execution with Beacon Chain consensus. It should not describe a still-pending transition.","proposed":false},{"id":478,"term":"Dollar-Cost Averaging — DCA","genz":"Invest fixed amounts on a schedule instead of trying to nail one perfect entry.","plain":"Buying an asset in regular monetary amounts over time.","technical":"A periodic allocation strategy reducing dependence on one entry date. It neither guarantees profit nor universally outperforms lump-sum investment.","proposed":false},{"id":479,"term":"Domain Name System — DNS","genz":"The internet’s naming directory: easier names, machine-usable records.","plain":"A system translating domain names into addresses and other information.","technical":"A hierarchical, distributed naming system serving resource records through authoritative servers and resolvers. “System,” not “Service,” is the standard expansion.","proposed":false},{"id":480,"term":"DOT — Polkadot","genz":"Polkadot’s native asset—not a universal token for every project connected to it.","plain":"A cryptocurrency used in Polkadot’s staking, governance, and network economics.","technical":"The relay-chain ecosystem’s native asset, with protocol-version-dependent roles. Legacy parachain-auction uses should be distinguished from newer coretime mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":481,"term":"Double-Spending Problem","genz":"Stop the same spendable value paying two different people as though both payments were valid.","plain":"The challenge of preventing digital funds from being spent more than once.","technical":"Preventing conflicting transfers from both becoming accepted ledger history, using transaction validation and ordering or consensus mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":482,"term":"Dow Jones Industrial Average — DJIA","genz":"A famous US stock-market scoreboard—not a measure of every American company.","plain":"An index tracking 30 selected large US companies.","technical":"A price-weighted equity index calculated using a divisor adjusted for corporate actions. Higher share prices create greater weight, not necessarily larger companies.","proposed":false},{"id":483,"term":"Drawdown","genz":"How far value falls from a previous peak. Unrealized doesn’t mean painless or irrelevant.","plain":"A decline from a high point in an asset or portfolio’s value.","technical":"A peak-relative decline measured in currency or percentage terms. Maximum drawdown is the largest observed peak-to-trough decline over a period.","proposed":false},{"id":484,"term":"Due Diligence","genz":"Investigate before committing—not after the red flags become headlines.","plain":"A structured examination of relevant facts, risks, and claims.","technical":"A scoped investigation combining evidence collection, verification, analysis, and documentation. Its depth should reflect the decision and exposure involved.","proposed":false},{"id":485,"term":"Dust","genz":"Tiny crypto leftovers that may cost more to move than they’re worth.","plain":"Very small cryptocurrency amounts, sometimes uneconomical to spend.","technical":"A context-dependent small-balance designation. Bitcoin policy dust and economically uneconomic outputs are related but not identical concepts.","proposed":false},{"id":486,"term":"Dust Limit","genz":"The “too small under these rules” threshold—not a universal number across wallets and chains.","plain":"A minimum-output threshold used by some network policies or services.","technical":"In Bitcoin, a relay-policy threshold linked to output type and assumed spending cost. It is not simply an address’s balance versus today’s fee.","proposed":false},{"id":487,"term":"Dusting Attack","genz":"Tiny unsolicited transfers may be bait for tracking wallet activity.","plain":"Sending small amounts to addresses in an attempt to learn about their ownership or relationships.","technical":"A tracking technique exploiting subsequent transaction linkage, particularly input consolidation. Receiving dust alone does not expose a private key.","proposed":false},{"id":488,"term":"Dutch East India Company — VOC","genz":"An early giant of shareholder capitalism—with colonial coercion and exploitation central to its history.","plain":"A Dutch chartered trading company founded in 1602, important in joint-stock market history.","technical":"An early large-scale joint-stock corporation combining commercial and state-granted powers. Modern “trillion-dollar valuation” comparisons are highly speculative.","proposed":false},{"id":489,"term":"Dynamically Typed Programming Language","genz":"Types are checked as the program runs—not only after it’s deployed to users.","plain":"A language where many type checks occur during execution.","technical":"A language whose values have runtime types and whose operations are validated dynamically. This does not inherently determine syntax, speed, or difficulty.","proposed":false},{"id":490,"term":"E-Business","genz":"Running business activities digitally—not just adding an online checkout.","plain":"Using electronic systems to conduct business processes and relationships.","technical":"Digitally enabled operations spanning commerce, procurement, customer service, collaboration, and internal workflows. Ecommerce is a subset.","proposed":false},{"id":491,"term":"E-Signature","genz":"An electronic indication that someone signed or agreed. Not every e-signature is a cryptographic digital signature.","plain":"An electronic method of expressing agreement or signing a document.","technical":"Electronic data or action associated with signing intent. Legal effect depends on jurisdiction, transaction type, identity evidence, and process.","proposed":false},{"id":492,"term":"Earnings Per Share — EPS","genz":"Profit expressed per share—not the cash every shareholder automatically receives.","plain":"A company’s earnings attributable to each common share.","technical":"Basic EPS divides earnings attributable to common shareholders by weighted-average common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS accounts for qualifying potential shares.","proposed":false},{"id":493,"term":"Ecommerce","genz":"Buying and selling through electronic channels. The warehouse and delivery van may still be very real.","plain":"Commercial transactions conducted online or through electronic systems.","technical":"Digital ordering and exchange of goods or services, spanning consumer and business models with separate payment and fulfilment arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":494,"term":"Economic Nodes / X Nodes — VeChain · historical","genz":"Holding-and-rewards categories from VeChain’s ecosystem—not automatically block-producing validators.","plain":"Historical node-status programmes associated with qualifying VET holdings.","technical":"Economic participation categories distinct from authority consensus roles. Requirements and benefits depend on the programme version.","proposed":false},{"id":495,"term":"Ecosystem Expansion Project — ICON · historical","genz":"An initiative meant to grow the ecosystem, with incentives tied to its programme rules.","plain":"An ICON-associated proposal or activity intended to support ecosystem development.","technical":"A historical contribution-and-funding category within ICON’s governance design. Eligibility and rewards require the applicable specification.","proposed":false},{"id":496,"term":"Edge Node — Theta","genz":"Contribute computing or delivery resources from the network’s edge. Not FindThatEdge’s EDGEai.","plain":"A participant providing services such as media processing or content delivery in Theta’s ecosystem.","technical":"A resource-provider role executing supported workloads under network-specific payment and verification arrangements. It is distinct from consensus validation.","proposed":false},{"id":497,"term":"Edgecast — Theta · historical product context","genz":"A peer-powered video delivery idea—not the same brand as every other service called Edgecast.","plain":"A Theta-associated application for decentralized video streaming and distribution.","technical":"An application design leveraging edge-node resources for media delivery. Processing, payment, and availability depend on deployment and version.","proposed":false},{"id":498,"term":"Effective Proof of Stake — EPoS","genz":"Harmony’s staking design tries to limit the advantage of oversized stakes.","plain":"Harmony’s mechanism for organizing validator participation and staking incentives.","technical":"A protocol-specific proof-of-stake design using effective-stake calculations and validator-selection rules. Decentralization remains an empirical property, not a guaranteed outcome.","proposed":false},{"id":499,"term":"EIP-1559","genz":"Ethereum’s base-fee-and-tip system. More predictable pricing doesn’t promise permanently cheap transactions.","plain":"An Ethereum upgrade introducing a dynamically adjusted base fee that is burned, alongside priority fees.","technical":"A fee-market mechanism with elastic block capacity, an algorithmic base fee, and separate proposer compensation. EIP-1559 specification","proposed":false},{"id":500,"term":"Electronic Retailing — E-Tailing","genz":"Retail through a screen instead of relying solely on a physical shop.","plain":"Selling goods or services to customers through online retail channels.","technical":"The retail subset of electronic commerce, integrating digital merchandising, ordering, payment, and fulfilment.","proposed":false},{"id":501,"term":"Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm — ECDSA","genz":"A signature scheme proving approval by a key—not an encryption tool for hiding transaction details.","plain":"A method for creating and checking digital signatures using elliptic-curve cryptography.","technical":"A discrete-log-based signature algorithm requiring secure private keys and per-signature nonce handling. It is one of several schemes used by blockchains.","proposed":false},{"id":502,"term":"Elrond eGold — EGLD","genz":"The historical Elrond name points to MultiversX today. “Gold” doesn’t mean bullion backing.","plain":"The native cryptocurrency of MultiversX, formerly Elrond.","technical":"EGLD supports fees, network security, and governance in MultiversX. Elrond is the historical network branding. MultiversX overview","proposed":false},{"id":503,"term":"Elrond Standard Digital Token — ESDT","genz":"Native token functionality from the network now called MultiversX—not an Ethereum ERC-20 contract.","plain":"A token framework built into the Elrond/MultiversX protocol.","technical":"Protocol-native asset functionality enabling token issuance and transfers without requiring a separate transfer smart contract for every asset.","proposed":false},{"id":504,"term":"Elrond Virtual Machine · historical name","genz":"The smart-contract engine from Elrond’s architecture. Its Wasm design isn’t Ethereum’s EVM.","plain":"A WebAssembly-based environment for executing smart contracts in the network now called MultiversX.","technical":"A deterministic smart-contract runtime historically associated with the Arwen name, executing supported Wasm code under protocol resource limits.","proposed":false},{"id":505,"term":"Email Spoofing","genz":"An email pretends to come from someone else. Familiar branding isn’t sender verification.","plain":"Falsifying email sender information to mislead recipients.","technical":"Manipulation of displayed or envelope sender identities. Authentication controls such as SPF, DKIM, and DMARC address different aspects of this risk.","proposed":false},{"id":506,"term":"Encryption","genz":"Scramble readable information so the right key is needed to recover it.","plain":"Transforming data into a protected form to prevent unauthorized reading.","technical":"A keyed transformation from plaintext to ciphertext. Confidentiality, integrity, and authentication require appropriately chosen and implemented mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":507,"term":"Enhanced Due Diligence — EDD","genz":"Higher risk means deeper checks—not automatic proof that someone did something wrong.","plain":"Additional investigation and monitoring for relationships assessed as higher risk.","technical":"Risk-proportionate measures extending ordinary due diligence, potentially examining wealth, funds, ownership, transaction purpose, and ongoing activity.","proposed":false},{"id":508,"term":"Enjin — ENJ","genz":"A digital-asset ecosystem whose token architecture moved beyond the old ERC-20-only description.","plain":"A blockchain ecosystem focused on digital assets, with native ENJ on Enjin Blockchain.","technical":"Enjin introduced migration from Ethereum ERC-20 ENJ to native ENJ. Network and token version must be identified correctly. Enjin migration documentation","proposed":false},{"id":509,"term":"Enterprise Adoption","genz":"A business actually uses the technology. A partnership announcement alone doesn’t prove production usage.","plain":"The implementation and use of technology by organisations in their operations.","technical":"Adoption should distinguish evaluation, pilots, production deployment, scale, and measurable business outcomes.","proposed":false},{"id":510,"term":"Enterprise Blockchain","genz":"Blockchain infrastructure built for organisational requirements—not automatically private, decentralized, or fast.","plain":"A blockchain used to support business or institutional processes.","technical":"A ledger deployment addressing requirements such as permissions, integration, governance, privacy, and performance, using public, private, or hybrid infrastructure.","proposed":false},{"id":511,"term":"Enterprise Ethereum Alliance — EEA","genz":"An industry collaboration around business use of Ethereum—not Ethereum’s head office.","plain":"A membership organisation supporting enterprise-oriented Ethereum development and adoption.","technical":"An industry body facilitating collaboration, specifications, and education. Membership does not confer control over Ethereum consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":512,"term":"Enya","genz":"A company associated with blockchain infrastructure and scaling work—not the network itself.","plain":"A technology company associated with projects including Boba Network.","technical":"A commercial developer of distributed-computing and blockchain infrastructure. Corporate ownership, product roles, and network governance should be assessed separately.","proposed":false},{"id":513,"term":"EOSIO · historical software family","genz":"Blockchain software used to build networks—not one universal chain or token.","plain":"A software framework for smart-contract-enabled blockchains.","technical":"A blockchain software family providing execution, networking, and resource-management components. Individual deployments define their own assets and operating policies.","proposed":false},{"id":514,"term":"EOSIO 1.0 · historical release","genz":"An early major software release—not a separate cryptocurrency.","plain":"The first major production release of the EOSIO software framework.","technical":"A historical version baseline whose features and limitations belong to that release, not all later EOSIO-derived implementations.","proposed":false},{"id":515,"term":"EOSIO 2.0 · historical release","genz":"A later toolkit upgrade focused on execution and developer improvements.","plain":"A major EOSIO software release introducing performance and development changes.","technical":"A historical software version associated with runtime and tooling improvements. Deployments may use different successors or forks.","proposed":false},{"id":516,"term":"EOSIO Contract Development Toolkit — CDT","genz":"Tools for turning contract code into something the chain can execute.","plain":"A toolkit for developing and compiling contracts for compatible blockchains.","technical":"A toolchain including compilers and contract-support libraries, producing compatible WebAssembly and interface artifacts.","proposed":false},{"id":517,"term":"EOSIO RPC API","genz":"The endpoints an app calls to ask a node for information or submit work.","plain":"An interface for communicating with compatible blockchain nodes.","technical":"Remote APIs exposing operations such as chain queries and transaction submission. Availability and permissions depend on endpoint configuration.","proposed":false},{"id":518,"term":"EOSIO SDK","genz":"Developer helper libraries so every app doesn’t rebuild the same connection code.","plain":"Software libraries assisting application development for EOSIO-compatible networks.","technical":"Client tooling abstracting functions such as serialization, signing, and API interaction. Capabilities vary by language and version.","proposed":false},{"id":519,"term":"EOSIO Virtual Machine","genz":"The environment running compatible smart-contract code—not a physical computer inside the chain.","plain":"A runtime used to execute WebAssembly smart contracts in EOSIO-derived systems.","technical":"A deterministic execution environment enforcing resource and host-function rules, with implementation-specific compilation or interpretation strategies.","proposed":false},{"id":520,"term":"Epoch","genz":"A protocol-defined chapter of time or activity. Different blockchains use different chapter lengths.","plain":"A recurring interval used for network operations such as validator duties and rewards.","technical":"A protocol-specific grouping of slots, blocks, or time. Ethereum proof-of-stake epochs contain 32 slots, not 30,000 blocks. Ethereum documentation","proposed":false},{"id":521,"term":"Equihash","genz":"A mining puzzle designed to make memory matter. ASIC-resistant never meant permanently ASIC-proof.","plain":"A proof-of-work algorithm emphasizing memory requirements.","technical":"A proof-of-work construction based on the generalized birthday problem, with configurable parameters affecting computation, memory, and verification.","proposed":false},{"id":522,"term":"Equity Stake","genz":"A share of ownership. Holding a project’s token does not automatically give you one.","plain":"An ownership interest in a business or other entity.","technical":"A residual ownership claim with rights defined by entity structure and share class. Token ownership and corporate equity require separate legal analysis.","proposed":false},{"id":523,"term":"Erasure Encoding","genz":"Add structured redundancy so missing pieces don’t necessarily destroy the whole file. Not the same as encryption.","plain":"Encoding data so it can be recovered even when some stored or transmitted fragments are lost.","technical":"Redundancy coding enabling reconstruction from a sufficient subset of fragments. It supports availability and durability, not confidentiality by itself.","proposed":false},{"id":524,"term":"ERC-1155","genz":"One contract can manage many token types—collectibles and interchangeable items included.","plain":"An Ethereum multi-token standard supporting multiple asset identifiers within one contract.","technical":"An interface for balances indexed by account and token ID, including batch operations and receiver callbacks. Supply design determines fungibility.","proposed":false},{"id":525,"term":"ERC-20","genz":"A common interface for interchangeable tokens. Shared rules don’t mean shared quality.","plain":"A standard allowing fungible tokens to interact consistently with compatible applications.","technical":"Defines functions and events for balances, transfers, supply, and allowances. Compliance does not guarantee backing, safety, or unrestricted transferability.","proposed":false},{"id":526,"term":"ERC-2222 — Funds Distribution Token · proposal","genz":"A proposed way to track distributions for token holders. The code cannot invent enforceable revenue rights.","plain":"A proposed token interface for accounting for and claiming distributed funds.","technical":"A funds-distribution extension associated with ERC-20-style tokens. Adoption, implementation, and legal entitlements must be checked independently of the proposal number.","proposed":false},{"id":527,"term":"ERC-223","genz":"A token-transfer design trying to avoid sending assets into contracts that can’t handle them.","plain":"A token standard designed to improve interactions with receiving contracts.","technical":"A transfer interface incorporating recipient-contract handling. Safety depends on implementation, compatibility, and the receiver’s behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":528,"term":"ERC-721","genz":"A standard for individually identified tokens. Unique IDs don’t make every picture unique or valuable.","plain":"An Ethereum standard for non-fungible tokens.","technical":"Defines ownership and transfer interfaces for unique token IDs within a contract. Scarcity, metadata permanence, and licensing are separate properties.","proposed":false},{"id":529,"term":"ERC-777","genz":"A fungible-token interface with callback hooks—more flexibility, more interactions to secure.","plain":"A token standard supporting richer sender and receiver interactions.","technical":"A fungible-token interface using operators and registered hooks. Callback execution introduces integration considerations, including reentrancy risk.","proposed":false},{"id":530,"term":"Escrow","genz":"Hold the assets until the agreed conditions are met. The release rules are the important part.","plain":"An arrangement where assets are held pending specified conditions.","technical":"Conditional custody or contract-controlled release involving parties, assets, and settlement criteria. Dispute resolution and external facts may still require trusted actors.","proposed":false},{"id":531,"term":"Esports","genz":"Organised competitive gaming—not just winning against friends on a Friday night.","plain":"Structured competition involving video games, often with teams, leagues, or tournaments.","technical":"An organised competitive-gaming sector spanning participants, publishers, events, broadcasting, and commercial rights. Blockchain integration is optional.","proposed":false},{"id":532,"term":"Ethash · historical Ethereum mining","genz":"Ethereum’s former mining algorithm. ETH mining isn’t waiting to end—it ended with the Merge.","plain":"The proof-of-work algorithm formerly used by Ethereum.","technical":"A memory-oriented mining algorithm associated with Ethereum before its proof-of-stake transition. Other networks may use related implementations.","proposed":false},{"id":533,"term":"Ether — ETH","genz":"Ethereum’s native asset. Gas measures work; ETH pays the fee.","plain":"The cryptocurrency used for Ethereum transaction fees and proof-of-stake participation.","technical":"Ethereum’s native accounting asset, used for fee payment and validator staking. Gas units and ETH-denominated gas prices are distinct.","proposed":false},{"id":534,"term":"Ethereum","genz":"A programmable blockchain for contracts and applications. Public by default doesn’t mean private by default.","plain":"A blockchain network supporting smart contracts and applications, with ETH as its native asset.","technical":"A proof-of-stake network combining execution and consensus layers. Application trust assumptions extend beyond the base protocol.","proposed":false},{"id":535,"term":"Ethereum Consensus Layer","genz":"The part coordinating validators and agreement—not a separate future coin called “ETH2.”","plain":"Ethereum’s system for proof-of-stake block agreement and finality.","technical":"The validator, fork-choice, and finality machinery coordinating execution payloads. It is an operating layer, not merely a historical upgrade roadmap.","proposed":false},{"id":536,"term":"Ethereum Deposit Contract","genz":"The on-chain entry point for staking deposits. Sending funds alone doesn’t operate a validator for you.","plain":"A contract used to record deposits for Ethereum validator participation.","technical":"An execution-layer contract whose deposit records support consensus-layer validator accounting. Activation, credentials, and withdrawal rules are governed separately.","proposed":false},{"id":537,"term":"Ethereum Dominance — ETHD","genz":"ETH’s slice of the measured crypto market-cap pie—not proof that an altcoin rally is coming.","plain":"ETH’s market capitalization divided by the tracked total cryptocurrency market capitalization.","technical":"A provider-dependent ratio whose denominator includes ETH. Asset coverage and supply estimates influence comparisons and historical interpretation.","proposed":false},{"id":538,"term":"Ethereum Foundation","genz":"A major ecosystem supporter—not Ethereum’s owner or central command.","plain":"A nonprofit organisation supporting Ethereum research, development, and ecosystem work.","technical":"An ecosystem institution contributing funding and coordination. It does not unilaterally control protocol adoption, validators, or user assets.","proposed":false},{"id":539,"term":"Ethereum Improvement Proposal — EIP","genz":"A documented proposal or specification. A number isn’t proof that the network adopted it.","plain":"A document describing an Ethereum-related change, standard, or process.","technical":"A specification following an editorial lifecycle. Publication or final status does not necessarily mean deployment, universal adoption, or a security audit.","proposed":false},{"id":540,"term":"Ethereum Request for Comment — ERC","genz":"Application-level standards so tools can agree on interfaces—not a label limited to coins.","plain":"Ethereum standards covering areas such as tokens, accounts, and application interfaces.","technical":"An application-level standards category defining interoperable conventions. Individual ERCs differ in scope, status, adoption, and security implications.","proposed":false},{"id":541,"term":"Ethereum Transaction","genz":"A signed instruction telling Ethereum, “Make this move.”","plain":"A request to transfer value or interact with an Ethereum application.","technical":"A signed, gas-metered operation submitted for execution and inclusion in Ethereum’s ledger.","proposed":false},{"id":542,"term":"Ethereum Virtual Machine — EVM","genz":"Ethereum’s engine room, where smart contracts clock in.","plain":"The execution environment that runs Ethereum smart contracts.","technical":"A deterministic, gas-metered virtual machine executing contract bytecode—not a browser-based development tool. Ethereum documentation","proposed":false},{"id":543,"term":"Ethermint — historical terminology","genz":"Ethereum-style apps, Cosmos-style foundations.","plain":"Technology for building Ethereum-compatible blockchains using Cosmos infrastructure.","technical":"An EVM implementation integrated with the Cosmos SDK and Tendermint-based consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":544,"term":"European Central Bank — ECB","genz":"The euro’s monetary-policy control room.","plain":"The central bank responsible for monetary policy in the euro area.","technical":"The institution directing Eurosystem monetary policy, with price stability as its primary objective.","proposed":false},{"id":545,"term":"European Economic Area — EEA","genz":"Europe’s expanded single-market group chat.","plain":"An arrangement extending much of the EU single market to Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.","technical":"A framework integrating participating EU and EFTA states through common internal-market rules.","proposed":false},{"id":546,"term":"Exchange","genz":"The marketplace where buy orders meet sell orders.","plain":"A venue where people trade assets.","technical":"Infrastructure matching or facilitating transactions under defined trading, custody and settlement arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":547,"term":"Exchange Coin or Token","genz":"An exchange’s own token—with perks, not automatic profits.","plain":"A cryptocurrency associated with a trading platform.","technical":"An exchange-linked asset potentially providing fee discounts, governance or other platform-specific functions.","proposed":false},{"id":548,"term":"Exchange-Traded Commodity — ETC","genz":"Commodity exposure without a garage full of copper.","plain":"An exchange-listed product tracking a commodity or commodity basket.","technical":"A commodity-linked security, often structured as secured debt; legal structure varies by jurisdiction.","proposed":false},{"id":549,"term":"Exchange-Traded Fund — ETF","genz":"A basket of investments with a stock-market checkout.","plain":"A fund whose shares trade on an exchange.","technical":"A pooled investment vehicle offering exchange-traded shares backed by a defined investment portfolio.","proposed":false},{"id":550,"term":"Exchange-Traded Note — ETN","genz":"Market exposure wrapped in an issuer’s IOU.","plain":"A debt product whose return follows a specified benchmark.","technical":"An exchange-listed debt security exposing investors to both benchmark performance and issuer credit risk.","proposed":false},{"id":551,"term":"Exchange-Traded Product — ETP","genz":"The umbrella category for exchange-traded investment packages.","plain":"A financial product bought and sold on an exchange.","technical":"A broad category encompassing structures such as ETFs, ETNs and commodity-linked products.","proposed":false},{"id":552,"term":"Execution Price","genz":"The price you actually got—not the one you hoped for.","plain":"The price at which a trade completes.","technical":"The transaction price of an order fill; multiple fills can produce a weighted-average execution price.","proposed":false},{"id":553,"term":"Exit Scam","genz":"The team takes the money and leaves the chat.","plain":"Fraud in which operators disappear with users’ funds.","technical":"Deliberate appropriation of customer or investor assets followed by abandonment, concealment or withdrawal of service.","proposed":false},{"id":554,"term":"Exploit Kit","genz":"A malicious toolkit hunting for unpatched doors.","plain":"Software that packages attacks against known vulnerabilities.","technical":"A collection of exploit and delivery components used to compromise vulnerable systems.","proposed":false},{"id":555,"term":"Exponential Decay Model","genz":"The number keeps shrinking, but by percentages—not equal chunks.","plain":"A model where something decreases proportionally to its remaining amount.","technical":"A process commonly represented as N(t) = N₀e^(-kt), where k > 0.","proposed":false},{"id":556,"term":"Extended Private Key — XPRIV","genz":"A wallet-family master pass. Keep it extremely private.","plain":"A private key containing information needed to derive additional wallet keys.","technical":"An HD-wallet private key combined with a chain code and serialization metadata.","proposed":false},{"id":557,"term":"Extended Public Key — XPUB","genz":"Watch the wallet family without holding its spending keys.","plain":"A key used to generate receiving addresses and monitor related funds.","technical":"An HD public key and chain code supporting non-hardened public-child derivation; disclosure reduces privacy.","proposed":false},{"id":558,"term":"Fair Launch","genz":"“No VIP queue”—but check whether that is actually true.","plain":"A launch intended to give participants comparable access to a token.","technical":"A distribution label whose fairness depends on allocations, access conditions, timing and insider advantages.","proposed":false},{"id":559,"term":"Fair Sequencing Service — FSS","genz":"A proposed queue system to stop transaction line-cutting.","plain":"An approach intended to make transaction ordering fairer.","technical":"A Chainlink-associated sequencing design aimed at reducing ordering manipulation and certain forms of MEV.","proposed":false},{"id":560,"term":"Fan Token","genz":"A digital fan pass, not ownership of your football club.","plain":"A token providing selected supporter benefits or participation rights.","technical":"A branded digital asset with issuer-defined engagement, access or limited voting utilities.","proposed":false},{"id":561,"term":"Fan Token Offering — FTO","genz":"The opening sale for a team’s digital fan passes.","plain":"An initial sale of fan tokens.","technical":"A distribution event offering fan assets under platform-specific pricing, eligibility and allocation rules.","proposed":false},{"id":562,"term":"Fantom Virtual Machine — historical initiative","genz":"Fantom’s proposed upgraded engine for running apps.","plain":"An execution-system initiative associated with Fantom smart contracts.","technical":"A virtual-machine development effort; execution architecture should be distinguished from network consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":563,"term":"Fast Byzantine Fault Tolerance — FBFT","genz":"Validators reach agreement with less meeting-room chaos.","plain":"A BFT design intended to make validator agreement more efficient.","technical":"A consensus variant using communication and signature-aggregation optimizations, associated with Harmony.","proposed":false},{"id":564,"term":"Fast Exit Problem","genz":"Your funds are there, but the exit queue is not moving.","plain":"The difficulty of withdrawing quickly from systems with settlement delays.","technical":"Withdrawal latency arising from challenge periods or settlement constraints; liquidity-based exits introduce additional risks.","proposed":false},{"id":565,"term":"Faucet","genz":"Tiny token freebies from a digital tap.","plain":"A service distributing small amounts of cryptocurrency, often for testing.","technical":"A token-distribution endpoint commonly used to fund testnet accounts or introductory user activity.","proposed":false},{"id":566,"term":"Fear of Missing Out — FOMO","genz":"Everyone’s posting gains and your buy button starts looking tempting.","plain":"Anxiety about missing an opportunity others appear to be enjoying.","technical":"A behavioural bias that can encourage urgency, herd participation and insufficient evaluation.","proposed":false},{"id":567,"term":"Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt — FUD","genz":"Doomposting—but sometimes the concerns are actually valid.","plain":"Negative messaging that creates fear or uncertainty.","technical":"A rhetorical label for adverse information; its use does not establish whether the underlying claims are false.","proposed":false},{"id":568,"term":"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation — FDIC","genz":"A safety net for eligible bank deposits—not your crypto bag.","plain":"A US agency insuring eligible deposits at insured banks.","technical":"Deposit insurance applies within statutory rules and limits; crypto assets themselves are not covered. FDIC","proposed":false},{"id":569,"term":"Federated Blockchain","genz":"A blockchain run by an approved group, not an open-door crowd.","plain":"A blockchain jointly operated by selected organisations.","technical":"A consortium ledger with permissioned participation and distributed governance among authorised members.","proposed":false},{"id":570,"term":"Federated Byzantine Agreement — FBA","genz":"Nodes choose who they trust, then try to agree together.","plain":"A consensus approach based on overlapping groups of trusted participants.","technical":"Nodes define quorum slices; safety depends on suitable quorum intersection and other protocol assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":571,"term":"Fiat Currency","genz":"Government money, without a gold-redemption promise.","plain":"Money such as pounds or dollars that is not redeemable for a fixed commodity amount.","technical":"State-issued currency whose monetary value is not defined by mandatory commodity convertibility.","proposed":false},{"id":572,"term":"Fiat Off-Ramp","genz":"The route from crypto back to regular money.","plain":"A service converting cryptocurrency into traditional currency.","technical":"Infrastructure connecting digital-asset liquidation with fiat payment or withdrawal systems.","proposed":false},{"id":573,"term":"Fiat On-Ramp","genz":"The entrance from bank money into crypto.","plain":"A service for buying cryptocurrency with traditional currency.","technical":"Infrastructure accepting fiat payments and delivering digital assets under specified settlement and compliance arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":574,"term":"Fiat-Backed Stablecoin","genz":"A token trying to stay steady with real-world reserves behind it.","plain":"A token intended to track a currency using off-chain reserves.","technical":"A reserve-backed token whose stability depends on reserve quality, redemption rights and operational controls.","proposed":false},{"id":575,"term":"Fibonacci Ratio","genz":"Maths traders turn into chart levels—not market destiny.","plain":"A proportion derived from relationships within the Fibonacci sequence.","technical":"Ratios related to the golden ratio are used in retracement tools without guaranteeing predictive accuracy.","proposed":false},{"id":576,"term":"FICO Score","genz":"A credit-history scorecard, not your worth as a person.","plain":"A scoring system used to estimate consumer credit risk.","technical":"A family of proprietary models evaluating credit-report data to estimate repayment-related risk.","proposed":false},{"id":577,"term":"FPGA Miner","genz":"A mining chip you can reconfigure for the job.","plain":"A miner using programmable hardware rather than a general-purpose processor.","technical":"A field-programmable gate array configured for a mining algorithm; 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transaction fees are separate.","proposed":false},{"id":670,"term":"hApps — Holochain","genz":"Distributed apps without requiring everyone to share one global blockchain.","plain":"Applications built using Holochain’s agent-centred architecture.","technical":"Applications using individual source chains and distributed validation rather than universal blockchain consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":671,"term":"Hard Cap","genz":"The ceiling—whether for token supply or fundraising.","plain":"A stated maximum limit.","technical":"A context-dependent upper bound, commonly applied to total issuance or capital raised.","proposed":false},{"id":672,"term":"Hard Fork","genz":"New blockchain rules that old software may refuse to accept.","plain":"A protocol change incompatible with some previous validation rules.","technical":"A consensus-rule change permitting or requiring behaviour incompatible with unupgraded validators.","proposed":false},{"id":673,"term":"Hard Fork Combinator — Cardano","genz":"Upgrade the chain’s rulebook while keeping its history connected.","plain":"Technology helping Cardano transition between protocol eras.","technical":"A mechanism composing ledger-era implementations into a continuous chain without discarding prior history.","proposed":false},{"id":674,"term":"Hard Peg","genz":"A tightly fixed exchange-rate promise—with real-world failure risk.","plain":"A strong commitment to maintain a fixed exchange rate.","technical":"A monetary arrangement linking a currency to another reference through restrictive policy or institutional mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":675,"term":"Hardware Wallet","genz":"A dedicated signing device—not a magic anti-scam shield.","plain":"Hardware designed to protect cryptocurrency private keys.","technical":"A device isolating key material and transaction signing; 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hashing is distinct from encryption and does not alone authenticate the source.","proposed":false},{"id":681,"term":"Hashlock Secret — correcting “Hash Lock Key”","genz":"The secret that matches the lock’s fingerprint.","plain":"Information revealed to satisfy a hash-based payment condition.","technical":"A preimage whose hash equals the committed digest; it need not be a signing key.","proposed":false},{"id":682,"term":"Hashmasks","genz":"An NFT art collection with a naming twist.","plain":"A digital-art NFT project incorporating token-based naming mechanics.","technical":"A collectible project historically linking artwork ownership with Name Change Token functionality.","proposed":false},{"id":683,"term":"Haskell","genz":"A programming language that takes mathematical discipline seriously.","plain":"A functional language emphasising strong typing and pure functions.","technical":"A statically typed, non-strict functional language with type inference and controlled effects.","proposed":false},{"id":684,"term":"Head and Shoulders","genz":"Three chart peaks, with the middle one doing the most.","plain":"A pattern traders interpret as a possible trend reversal.","technical":"A formation with two shoulders, a higher head and a neckline; confirmation remains probabilistic.","proposed":false},{"id":685,"term":"Hedge","genz":"Add an offsetting position so one bad move hurts less.","plain":"An investment intended to reduce another exposure’s risk.","technical":"A risk-offsetting position that can introduce cost, basis risk and imperfect protection.","proposed":false},{"id":686,"term":"Hedge Contract — Hegic terminology","genz":"An on-chain option contract—not a guaranteed loss shield.","plain":"A Hegic-associated contract providing option-style exposure or protection.","technical":"A protocol-specific derivative whose payoff, exercise rights and collateral rules depend on its implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":687,"term":"Hedge Fund","genz":"A private investment pool with a wider strategy toolbox.","plain":"An investment fund using strategies that may include leverage and short selling.","technical":"A privately offered pooled vehicle with strategy, liquidity and eligibility terms defined by its governing documents.","proposed":false},{"id":688,"term":"Heimdall — Polygon PoS","genz":"Part of Polygon’s validator coordination and checkpoint machinery.","plain":"A component supporting coordination in Polygon’s proof-of-stake system.","technical":"A consensus-related layer associated with validator management and checkpointing; implementation details are version-dependent.","proposed":false},{"id":689,"term":"Hexadecimal","genz":"Counting in sixteen symbols instead of ten.","plain":"A number system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F.","technical":"Base-16 notation, where each digit represents four binary bits.","proposed":false},{"id":690,"term":"Hidden Cap","genz":"A fundraising limit the organisers won’t show you upfront.","plain":"A sale limit that is not publicly disclosed.","technical":"An undisclosed allocation or fundraising ceiling that reduces visibility into offering conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":691,"term":"Hierarchical Deterministic Wallet — HD Wallet","genz":"One seed, a whole family tree of wallet keys.","plain":"A wallet deriving many keys from a common starting secret.","technical":"A deterministic key hierarchy supporting structured child-key derivation and seed-based recovery.","proposed":false},{"id":692,"term":"High","genz":"The highest recorded price in the chosen window.","plain":"An asset’s maximum observed price during a specified period.","technical":"The maximum qualifying price observation within a defined interval and data source.","proposed":false},{"id":693,"term":"High-Frequency Trading — HFT","genz":"Trading where milliseconds are a competitive sport.","plain":"Automated trading using very fast market access and frequent orders.","technical":"Latency-sensitive algorithmic strategies supported by rapid data processing and order execution infrastructure.","proposed":false},{"id":694,"term":"High-Level Programming Language","genz":"Code closer to human ideas than raw machine instructions.","plain":"A language hiding many hardware-level details.","technical":"A programming language providing abstractions above machine operations, typically through compilation or interpretation.","proposed":false},{"id":695,"term":"High-Net-Worth Individual — HNWI","genz":"Someone with substantial investable wealth—not a universal legal badge.","plain":"A person classified as wealthy under a particular financial framework.","technical":"A wealth-segmentation category with thresholds and asset exclusions varying across institutions.","proposed":false},{"id":696,"term":"High-Yield / Junk Bonds","genz":"Higher promised income, higher risk the issuer cannot pay.","plain":"Bonds carrying relatively high credit risk.","technical":"Generally below-investment-grade debt; higher quoted yields compensate for risk, not guarantee superior returns.","proposed":false},{"id":697,"term":"HMAC-Based One-Time Password — HOTP","genz":"A login code that advances with a counter.","plain":"A one-time password generated from a secret and counter value.","technical":"A counter-based authentication mechanism using HMAC and truncation to generate short codes.","proposed":false},{"id":698,"term":"HODL","genz":"Hold the bag through the chaos—conviction optional, risk unavoidable.","plain":"Crypto slang for continuing to hold an asset.","technical":"A buy-and-hold expression originating from a misspelling of “hold.”","proposed":false},{"id":699,"term":"Homestead — Ethereum, historical","genz":"Ethereum’s next major chapter after its early Frontier days.","plain":"An Ethereum upgrade and development phase introduced in 2016.","technical":"A protocol milestone following Frontier, incorporating consensus and execution-related improvements.","proposed":false},{"id":700,"term":"Homomorphic Encryption","genz":"Do useful maths on data while it stays locked.","plain":"Encryption allowing selected calculations on encrypted information.","technical":"A scheme preserving specified operations between plaintext and ciphertext domains; capabilities vary by construction.","proposed":false},{"id":701,"term":"Honest Geppetto Attack — specialist terminology","genz":"Build trust first, then make the network regret it.","plain":"A described attack involving apparently honest participants later acting disruptively.","technical":"An informal attack label for coordinated adversarial behaviour after reputation-building; the exact model is source-specific.","proposed":false},{"id":702,"term":"HoneyBadgerBFT","genz":"Validators can agree without pretending network timing is predictable.","plain":"A consensus protocol designed for asynchronous networks.","technical":"A randomised asynchronous BFT protocol relying on fault thresholds, cryptography and eventual message delivery.","proposed":false},{"id":703,"term":"Horizontal Relay-Routed Message Passing — HRMP","genz":"Parachains message each other through the relay chain.","plain":"A mechanism for communication between Polkadot parachains.","technical":"A cross-parachain messaging arrangement routing message handling through relay-chain infrastructure.","proposed":false},{"id":704,"term":"Horizontal Scalability","genz":"Add more machines instead of buying one monster machine.","plain":"Increasing capacity by adding additional computing units.","technical":"Scaling through workload distribution across nodes; merely duplicating work does not guarantee greater throughput.","proposed":false},{"id":705,"term":"Hostage Byte Attack — storage terminology","genz":"A storage provider tries to hold your data hostage.","plain":"An attack involving withheld data and demands for additional payment.","technical":"A storage-availability extortion scenario mitigated through redundancy, provider diversity and verifiable storage arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":706,"term":"Hot Wallet","genz":"Convenient, connected, and exposed to online threats.","plain":"A wallet whose signing system is accessible through an online environment.","technical":"An online key-management configuration offering operational accessibility at the cost of increased attack exposure.","proposed":false},{"id":707,"term":"Hotspot — Helium","genz":"Wireless network hardware that may earn protocol rewards.","plain":"A device contributing wireless coverage or network services.","technical":"A Helium-network participant whose supported radio functions and incentives depend on the relevant network.","proposed":false},{"id":708,"term":"Howey Test","genz":"A legal reality check on an investment arrangement—not its marketing label.","plain":"A US test for identifying an investment contract.","technical":"It considers investment in a common enterprise with expected profits derived from others’ efforts; application is fact-specific. SEC explanation","proposed":false},{"id":709,"term":"Human-Readable Agreement","genz":"Terms humans can understand without decoding contract bytecode.","plain":"An agreement expressed in ordinary written language.","technical":"A natural-language representation of obligations, which may coexist with but differ from executable code.","proposed":false},{"id":710,"term":"Huobi — historical brand name","genz":"A recognisable name from crypto exchange history.","plain":"A centralised cryptocurrency exchange brand.","technical":"An exchange-service brand; historical descriptions should not establish current operators, leadership or product availability.","proposed":false},{"id":711,"term":"Huobi BTC — HBTC, historical product","genz":"A wrapped-Bitcoin claim—not proof the backing is currently there.","plain":"A token designed to represent Bitcoin held by a custodian.","technical":"A custodial BTC representation whose value depends on reserve integrity, redemption and issuer operations.","proposed":false},{"id":712,"term":"HECO — historical network","genz":"A Huobi-associated chain for Ethereum-style apps.","plain":"A blockchain ecosystem historically associated with Huobi.","technical":"An EVM-compatible smart-contract network; historical architecture does not establish present operational status.","proposed":false},{"id":713,"term":"Hybrid Blockchain","genz":"Some parts public, some parts invitation-only.","plain":"A system combining public and permissioned blockchain features.","technical":"An architecture mixing access or validation models across components with distinct trust boundaries.","proposed":false},{"id":714,"term":"Hybrid Exponential Minting — Filecoin","genz":"Token issuance follows both the clock and network-growth targets.","plain":"A minting approach combining time-based and activity-linked issuance.","technical":"Filecoin’s issuance design combines simple time-dependent minting with baseline-dependent minting.","proposed":false},{"id":715,"term":"Hybrid Smart Contract","genz":"On-chain rules meet information or computation from outside the chain.","plain":"A smart-contract system combining blockchain and external components.","technical":"An application architecture integrating on-chain execution with off-chain data or services through defined trust mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":716,"term":"Hydra — Cardano","genz":"Move repeated interactions off the main chain, then settle properly.","plain":"A Cardano scaling approach based on off-chain participant groups.","technical":"A family of state-channel protocols enabling local transaction processing with base-layer settlement.","proposed":false},{"id":717,"term":"Hyperinflation","genz":"Prices rise so fast your money struggles to keep up.","plain":"Extremely rapid and sustained increases in general prices.","technical":"An exceptional inflationary regime involving severe erosion of purchasing power and monetary confidence.","proposed":false},{"id":718,"term":"Hyperledger","genz":"Enterprise blockchain tools—not one giant blockchain.","plain":"An umbrella name associated with open-source distributed-ledger projects.","technical":"A collaborative enterprise-DLT ecosystem historically hosted under the Linux Foundation.","proposed":false},{"id":719,"term":"Hyperledger Fabric","genz":"A permissioned ledger with configurable business rules.","plain":"A framework for building organisation-controlled blockchain networks.","technical":"A modular distributed-ledger platform separating identity, endorsement, ordering and transaction validation.","proposed":false},{"id":720,"term":"Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP","genz":"How your browser asks a server for stuff.","plain":"A protocol for requesting and delivering web resources.","technical":"An application-layer request-response protocol; HTTPS adds transport encryption through TLS.","proposed":false},{"id":721,"term":"Iceberg Order","genz":"The market sees the tip, not the entire order.","plain":"A large order displaying only part of its quantity.","technical":"An order with visible and reserve quantities, replenished according to venue-specific rules.","proposed":false},{"id":722,"term":"ICON Incentives Scoring System — IISS","genz":"ICON’s framework for deciding which contributions earn rewards.","plain":"An incentive system associated with ICON network participation.","technical":"A protocol-defined contribution and reward framework whose parameters depend on the applicable version.","proposed":false},{"id":723,"term":"ICX","genz":"ICON’s native network asset.","plain":"The cryptocurrency used within the ICON blockchain ecosystem.","technical":"A native asset supporting network fees, staking and governance-related functions under protocol rules.","proposed":false},{"id":724,"term":"Identity Data","genz":"Information that can point back to a real person.","plain":"Data identifying someone directly or indirectly.","technical":"Attributes enabling identification or linkage, including combinations that become identifying when joined.","proposed":false},{"id":725,"term":"iExec","genz":"A marketplace connecting apps with external computing resources.","plain":"Infrastructure for decentralised computing services.","technical":"A system coordinating off-chain computation and data services with blockchain-based incentives and verification mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":726,"term":"Ignite — historical branding context","genz":"A blockchain-building brand—not another name for every consensus engine.","plain":"A company and tooling name associated with Cosmos development.","technical":"Branding connected to the former Tendermint company; distinguish organisational names from consensus implementations.","proposed":false},{"id":727,"term":"Illuvium Configuration Change Proposal — ICCP","genz":"A formal request to tweak Illuvium’s settings.","plain":"A proposal to change specified protocol parameters.","technical":"An Illuvium governance proposal category focused on configuration adjustments.","proposed":false},{"id":728,"term":"Illuvium Improvement Proposal — IIP","genz":"“Here’s how we could improve this”—in governance format.","plain":"A structured suggestion for changing Illuvium.","technical":"A proposal document describing a modification for governance consideration; submission does not imply approval.","proposed":false},{"id":729,"term":"Immutability","genz":"Hard to rewrite—not a licence to say “impossible forever.”","plain":"Resistance to changing information after it has been recorded.","technical":"A property dependent on consensus, permissions, cryptographic assumptions and governance or recovery mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":730,"term":"Immutable X","genz":"NFT-focused scaling without putting every action directly on Ethereum.","plain":"Infrastructure designed to scale NFT-related blockchain activity.","technical":"An Ethereum scaling system associated with validity proofs; such proofs do not automatically provide transaction privacy.","proposed":false},{"id":731,"term":"Impermanent Loss","genz":"Your liquidity position can lag behind simply holding the tokens.","plain":"A value difference caused by changing asset prices in a liquidity pool.","technical":"Divergence loss relative to a hold benchmark, conventionally measured before fees and incentives.","proposed":false},{"id":732,"term":"In the Money — ITM","genz":"The option has exercise value—not necessarily overall profit.","plain":"An option whose current exercise terms have positive intrinsic value.","technical":"A call is ITM above its strike; a put is ITM below its strike.","proposed":false},{"id":733,"term":"Index Fund","genz":"Follow the benchmark instead of picking every supposed winner.","plain":"A fund designed to track a specified investment index.","technical":"A pooled vehicle replicating benchmark exposure through full replication, sampling or other permitted techniques.","proposed":false},{"id":734,"term":"Index Token","genz":"A basket-style exposure packaged into a token.","plain":"A token intended to represent or track an asset index.","technical":"A tokenised index exposure implemented through collateral holdings, rebalancing rules or synthetic mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":735,"term":"Indexing Server","genz":"Organises raw data so searches don’t become an archaeological dig.","plain":"A server preparing data for efficient retrieval.","technical":"Infrastructure ingesting source records and maintaining query-optimised indexes or derived datasets.","proposed":false},{"id":736,"term":"Individual Retirement Account — IRA","genz":"A US retirement account with tax rules attached.","plain":"A tax-advantaged account intended for retirement saving.","technical":"A US retirement-account structure whose contributions, withdrawals and tax treatment depend on account type and eligibility.","proposed":false},{"id":737,"term":"Inflation","genz":"Your money buys less stuff overall.","plain":"An increase in the general price level over time.","technical":"Economy-wide price growth; token-supply inflation is a related but distinct issuance measure.","proposed":false},{"id":738,"term":"Information Technology — IT","genz":"The systems keeping an organisation’s digital life running.","plain":"Computers, software and networks used to manage information.","technical":"Infrastructure and practices for processing, storing, transmitting and securing digital information.","proposed":false},{"id":739,"term":"Initial Coin Offering — ICO","genz":"A project raises money by selling tokens—not guaranteed future success.","plain":"A fundraising event involving the sale of newly issued tokens.","technical":"A token-distribution mechanism whose investor rights and regulatory treatment depend on the offering’s substance.","proposed":false},{"id":740,"term":"Initial Data Offering — Ocean terminology","genz":"Data access gets packaged into a token-based launch.","plain":"An offering associated with access to data assets or services.","technical":"An Ocean-related data-token distribution concept; access rights are distinct from ownership of the underlying business.","proposed":false},{"id":741,"term":"Initial DEX Offering — IDO","genz":"A token launches through decentralised trading infrastructure.","plain":"A token sale or launch using a decentralised exchange.","technical":"A distribution event using DEX or launchpad mechanisms for allocation and initial liquidity.","proposed":false},{"id":742,"term":"Initial Exchange Offering — IEO","genz":"An exchange hosts the token sale—not a safety guarantee.","plain":"A token offering organised through a cryptocurrency exchange.","technical":"A platform-mediated distribution where access, allocation and screening depend on exchange policies.","proposed":false},{"id":743,"term":"Initial Farm Offering — IFO","genz":"Commit eligible assets to join a token launch.","plain":"A launch mechanism often involving liquidity-provider assets or farming platforms.","technical":"A protocol-specific offering allocating tokens against committed assets under defined participation rules.","proposed":false},{"id":744,"term":"Initial Public Offering — IPO","genz":"A company opens its shares to public investors.","plain":"A company’s first public offering of shares.","technical":"A public securities issuance typically accompanied by disclosure, underwriting and exchange-listing processes.","proposed":false},{"id":745,"term":"Input Output Global — IOG","genz":"A major blockchain engineering organisation behind Cardano-related development.","plain":"A technology company associated with Cardano research and engineering.","technical":"A blockchain research and development organisation, historically known as IOHK.","proposed":false},{"id":746,"term":"Insider Trading","genz":"Trading on privileged secrets can cross serious legal lines.","plain":"Trading involving inside information; some forms are unlawful.","technical":"Prohibited conduct depends on materiality, public availability, duties and jurisdiction; not all insider transactions are illegal.","proposed":false},{"id":747,"term":"Institutional Fund","genz":"An investment pool designed for professional-scale participants.","plain":"A fund aimed primarily at institutions or qualifying large investors.","technical":"A vehicle or share class with institution-oriented eligibility, reporting, fee and investment terms.","proposed":false},{"id":748,"term":"Institutional Investor","genz":"A pension fund or insurer-sized player—not just a rich individual.","plain":"An organisation investing its own or others’ money.","technical":"An entity such as a fund, insurer or pension institution managing financial exposures.","proposed":false},{"id":749,"term":"Institutional Trading Software","genz":"Professional trading tools with risk checks and audit trails built in.","plain":"Software supporting the trading operations of investment organisations.","technical":"Systems covering order management, execution, risk controls, compliance and post-trade workflows.","proposed":false},{"id":750,"term":"Institutional-Grade","genz":"Sounds impressive. 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persistent availability requires providers retaining and serving the content.","proposed":false},{"id":772,"term":"Intrinsic Value","genz":"What an asset might be worth underneath the market noise.","plain":"An estimated value based on underlying characteristics.","technical":"A model-dependent valuation derived from economic benefits and assumptions rather than observed price alone.","proposed":false},{"id":773,"term":"Inverse Synthetics — historical product terminology","genz":"Exposure designed to move against a reference asset.","plain":"Synthetic instruments intended to gain when a tracked asset falls.","technical":"Inverse-price derivatives whose tracking depends on payoff formulas, bounds, resets and collateral arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":774,"term":"Investment Trust","genz":"An investment company whose share price can differ from its holdings’ value.","plain":"A company investing pooled shareholder money.","technical":"In common UK usage, a closed-ended investment company whose shares can trade at premiums or discounts to NAV.","proposed":false},{"id":775,"term":"Invisible Internet Project — I2P","genz":"A privacy-focused network—not an invisibility cloak.","plain":"Software creating an encrypted overlay network.","technical":"An anonymity-oriented routing architecture; privacy depends on implementation, usage and threat model.","proposed":false},{"id":776,"term":"IOTA","genz":"The project evolved—its old feeless-Tangle description is no longer enough.","plain":"A blockchain network upgraded to a new architecture through IOTA Rebased.","technical":"The 2025 upgrade introduced delegated proof of stake and base-layer Move smart contracts. IOTA review","proposed":false},{"id":777,"term":"IP Address","genz":"A network address—not a reliable label for one specific person.","plain":"An address used to send data to a network interface.","technical":"An IPv4 or IPv6 identifier supporting packet delivery; assignment can be dynamic, shared or translated.","proposed":false},{"id":778,"term":"Isolated Margin","genz":"Give one trade its own collateral budget.","plain":"Margin assigned separately to a particular position.","technical":"Position-specific collateral accounting intended to contain exposure, subject to platform liquidation and deficit rules.","proposed":false},{"id":779,"term":"Jager — legacy BNB denomination","genz":"A tiny named slice of BNB, not a separate asset by definition.","plain":"A historical denomination equal to one hundred-millionth of BNB.","technical":"10^-8 BNB; denomination terminology should not be confused with a network’s smallest representable unit.","proposed":false},{"id":780,"term":"Java","genz":"A programming language—not the same thing as JavaScript.","plain":"A widely used language for building applications and services.","technical":"A statically typed language commonly compiled to JVM bytecode and executed in a managed runtime.","proposed":false},{"id":781,"term":"Java Virtual Machine — JVM","genz":"The runtime that gives compatible bytecode somewhere to run.","plain":"Software executing Java and other JVM-compatible programs.","technical":"A virtual machine providing bytecode execution, verification and memory management, often with just-in-time compilation.","proposed":false},{"id":782,"term":"JavaScript","genz":"The language making websites interactive—and doing plenty beyond browsers.","plain":"A programming language used in web pages, servers and applications.","technical":"A dynamic, prototype-based language standardised through ECMAScript.","proposed":false},{"id":783,"term":"JavaScript Object Notation — JSON","genz":"A structured text format apps use to swap data.","plain":"A format for storing and transmitting organised information.","technical":"A text syntax supporting objects, arrays, strings, numbers, booleans and null; it is not executable code.","proposed":false},{"id":784,"term":"John Bollinger","genz":"The analyst behind those famous volatility bands.","plain":"A financial analyst who developed Bollinger Bands.","technical":"The creator of a technical-analysis framework using moving averages and volatility-based envelopes.","proposed":false},{"id":785,"term":"Kademlia Routing","genz":"Find peers and data without one central directory doing everything.","plain":"A method for locating information in peer-to-peer networks.","technical":"A distributed-hash-table design using XOR distance to organise node lookup and routing.","proposed":false},{"id":786,"term":"Keep Network — historical project context","genz":"Keep sensitive information off-chain while letting applications use it.","plain":"A project focused on privacy-related infrastructure for blockchain applications.","technical":"A network design using off-chain containers and cryptographic mechanisms to support protected data handling.","proposed":false},{"id":787,"term":"KEEP — historical token context","genz":"The token associated with Keep’s original network design.","plain":"A token used within the Keep Network ecosystem.","technical":"An asset historically linked to network participation and staking; historical utility does not establish current functionality.","proposed":false},{"id":788,"term":"Keosd","genz":"A wallet-key service from the EOSIO software toolbox.","plain":"Software managing wallet keys and signing requests.","technical":"An EOSIO-family wallet daemon providing key-management and transaction-signing interfaces.","proposed":false},{"id":789,"term":"Kernel","genz":"The operating system’s core, handling the serious machinery.","plain":"The central component managing a computer’s resources.","technical":"Privileged software coordinating memory, scheduling, devices and access between applications and hardware.","proposed":false},{"id":790,"term":"Key — Cryptography","genz":"The secret—or public counterpart—that makes the maths do its job.","plain":"A value used in encryption, signing or authentication.","technical":"A cryptographic parameter that may be symmetric, public or private, depending on the scheme.","proposed":false},{"id":791,"term":"Key Management Interoperability Protocol — KMIP","genz":"A common language for systems managing cryptographic keys.","plain":"A standard allowing key-management clients and servers to communicate.","technical":"An OASIS protocol for managing cryptographic objects and their lifecycle operations.","proposed":false},{"id":792,"term":"Keylogger","genz":"Something recording your typing—including things you really wanted private.","plain":"Software or hardware capturing keyboard input.","technical":"A keystroke-monitoring mechanism that can be authorised or malicious and expose sensitive information.","proposed":false},{"id":793,"term":"Know Your Customer — KYC","genz":"A financial service checking who you are—not just your username.","plain":"Processes used to identify customers and assess relevant risks.","technical":"Customer-identification and due-diligence controls shaped by jurisdiction, business activity and risk.","proposed":false},{"id":794,"term":"Kraken","genz":"A crypto trading platform—not a mythical sea monster in this context.","plain":"A cryptocurrency exchange offering trading-related services.","technical":"A centralised digital-asset venue whose available products and access conditions vary by jurisdiction.","proposed":false},{"id":795,"term":"Kyber Network — KNC","genz":"Infrastructure helping token swaps find available liquidity.","plain":"A decentralised trading and liquidity ecosystem.","technical":"Protocol infrastructure supporting liquidity access and trade execution; KNC is its associated ecosystem token.","proposed":false},{"id":796,"term":"Lachesis — Fantom, historical architecture","genz":"Validators reach agreement without relying on one permanent leader.","plain":"A consensus design associated with Fantom.","technical":"An asynchronous BFT, DAG-based consensus approach integrated with stake-based participation.","proposed":false},{"id":797,"term":"LAND — The Sandbox","genz":"A virtual plot—not a deed to physical land.","plain":"A digital parcel within The Sandbox’s virtual world.","technical":"An NFT representing a platform-defined virtual property unit and associated usage rights.","proposed":false},{"id":798,"term":"Large Cap","genz":"A big market-cap asset—not automatically a low-risk one.","plain":"An asset with a relatively large market capitalisation.","technical":"A context-dependent size classification, generally based on price multiplied by circulating supply for crypto assets.","proposed":false},{"id":799,"term":"Larva Labs","genz":"The creators behind CryptoPunks and Meebits.","plain":"A creative technology studio known for influential NFT projects.","technical":"The originating studio for those collections; creation and subsequent intellectual-property ownership are separate questions.","proposed":false},{"id":800,"term":"Last Irreversible Block — LIB","genz":"The latest block the protocol treats as settled.","plain":"The most recent block considered final under a blockchain’s rules.","technical":"A protocol-defined finality boundary; required votes and guarantees depend on the consensus implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":801,"term":"Last-Mile Delivery","genz":"The final stretch from distribution hub to your doorstep.","plain":"The final stage of delivering goods to their destination.","technical":"The terminal logistics segment connecting local distribution infrastructure with the recipient.","proposed":false},{"id":802,"term":"Latency","genz":"The gap between “do it” and “done.”","plain":"The time taken for a request or action to produce a response.","technical":"A measured delay between specified system events, such as order submission and execution.","proposed":false},{"id":803,"term":"Law of Accelerating Returns","genz":"The idea that better technology helps us build better technology faster.","plain":"A theory proposing that technological progress can accelerate over time.","technical":"A Kurzweil-associated hypothesis about compounding technological development, not a universal empirical law.","proposed":false},{"id":804,"term":"Law of Supply and Demand","genz":"Price moves when what people want and what’s available stop matching.","plain":"A framework explaining how availability and willingness to buy influence prices.","technical":"Price and quantity outcomes emerge from interacting supply and demand schedules, subject to market assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":805,"term":"Layer-0 Blockchain","genz":"Infrastructure helping multiple chains exist and communicate.","plain":"A label for foundational infrastructure supporting blockchain networks.","technical":"A non-uniform classification covering interchain connectivity, shared security or chain-development frameworks.","proposed":false},{"id":806,"term":"Layer-1 Blockchain","genz":"The base blockchain, with its own rules and security.","plain":"A primary blockchain network such as Bitcoin or Ethereum.","technical":"A base-layer protocol maintaining its own consensus, ledger and transaction-validation rules.","proposed":false},{"id":807,"term":"Layer-2 Scaling Solution","genz":"Do more work away from the base chain while anchoring security back to it.","plain":"A system increasing blockchain capacity using an additional layer.","technical":"A protocol deriving security or enforceable settlement from a base chain; independent sidechains are not automatically L2s.","proposed":false},{"id":808,"term":"Leader — Solana","genz":"The validator whose turn it is to produce the next slot’s block.","plain":"A validator assigned block-production responsibility for a period.","technical":"A scheduled producer assembling transactions and proposing ledger entries within assigned slots.","proposed":false},{"id":809,"term":"Leaf Node","genz":"The end-of-branch data item in a tree structure.","plain":"A tree node without child nodes.","technical":"In a Merkle tree, a terminal node commonly commits to a data item or its hash.","proposed":false},{"id":810,"term":"Leakware / Doxware","genz":"“Pay us or we publish your data.”","plain":"Malicious activity threatening to expose stolen information.","technical":"Data-extortion malware or campaigns using threatened disclosure, sometimes alongside encryption-based ransomware.","proposed":false},{"id":811,"term":"Leased Proof of Stake — Waves","genz":"Support a validator with your stake without operating the validator yourself.","plain":"A staking model allowing holders to lease stake to block producers.","technical":"A consensus-participation mechanism delegating stake weight without necessarily transferring asset custody; rewards depend on arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":812,"term":"Ledger","genz":"The record of who did what with the money or assets.","plain":"A structured record of transactions or balances.","technical":"An accounting or state-recording system that may be centralised, replicated or distributed.","proposed":false},{"id":813,"term":"Leg — Trading","genz":"One piece of a multi-part trade.","plain":"An individual position within a combined trading strategy.","technical":"A component trade in a spread, hedge or other multi-instrument strategy.","proposed":false},{"id":814,"term":"Legacy System","genz":"Older technology still doing a job—even if replacing it is awkward.","plain":"An established system retained from an earlier technology generation.","technical":"Existing infrastructure with historical dependencies; age alone does not establish inadequacy or insecurity.","proposed":false},{"id":815,"term":"Lending Pool","genz":"A shared pot connecting lenders with borrowers.","plain":"A pool of assets made available for borrowing.","technical":"A lending mechanism governed by interest, collateral and liquidation rules; not all designs require overcollateralisation.","proposed":false},{"id":816,"term":"Leverage","genz":"Bigger exposure from less upfront money—losses get amplified too.","plain":"Using borrowing or derivatives to increase exposure relative to capital.","technical":"The ratio of economic exposure to supporting equity or margin, with financing and liquidation consequences.","proposed":false},{"id":817,"term":"Libp2p","genz":"A modular networking toolbox for apps that talk peer to peer.","plain":"Libraries and protocols for building distributed network applications.","technical":"A modular stack supporting peer identity, transport, discovery, routing and secure connections.","proposed":false},{"id":818,"term":"Software Library","genz":"Reusable code so developers don’t rebuild every wheel.","plain":"A collection of components used by other software.","technical":"Packaged functionality exposed through interfaces, with associated dependencies, documentation and versioning.","proposed":false},{"id":819,"term":"Light Client / Light Node","genz":"Check important blockchain evidence without downloading absolutely everything.","plain":"Software verifying blockchain information using reduced data and proofs.","technical":"A client validating selected consensus or state claims without full execution; trust assumptions vary by design.","proposed":false},{"id":820,"term":"Lightning Network","genz":"Repeated Bitcoin payments through channels, without putting each one on-chain.","plain":"A payment-channel network designed for faster Bitcoin transfers.","technical":"An off-chain channel network using conditional payments and enforceable base-layer settlement.","proposed":false},{"id":821,"term":"Limit Order","genz":"“This price or better”—but the trade might never happen.","plain":"An order restricting the worst acceptable purchase or sale price.","technical":"A buy executes at or below its limit; a sell at or above it, subject to available liquidity.","proposed":false},{"id":822,"term":"Limited-Purpose Trust Charter","genz":"Permission to perform specified trust functions—not a licence to do everything.","plain":"A state-issued charter authorising particular financial or fiduciary activities.","technical":"A jurisdiction-specific authorisation whose permitted powers, supervision and restrictions are explicitly defined.","proposed":false},{"id":823,"term":"Linear Processing","genz":"Work through the steps one after another.","plain":"Sequential processing rather than performing tasks simultaneously.","technical":"An informal term here for serial execution; it should not be confused with linear-time algorithmic complexity.","proposed":false},{"id":824,"term":"LINK — Chainlink","genz":"A token used within Chainlink’s service and incentive system.","plain":"The cryptocurrency associated with Chainlink’s oracle infrastructure.","technical":"An asset used in supported service-payment and security mechanisms, with functions varying by service.","proposed":false},{"id":825,"term":"Linux","genz":"The kernel behind loads of servers, devices and desktop systems.","plain":"An open-source operating-system kernel used in many distributions.","technical":"A Unix-like kernel providing process, memory, device and networking management.","proposed":false},{"id":826,"term":"Linux Foundation","genz":"A collaboration home for major open-source projects.","plain":"A nonprofit organisation supporting open-source technology development.","technical":"A consortium providing governance, infrastructure and ecosystem support for hosted projects.","proposed":false},{"id":827,"term":"Liquid Market","genz":"You can trade meaningful size without shaking the price too much.","plain":"A market where assets can usually be bought or sold efficiently.","technical":"A market with sufficient depth and trading interest to support relatively low spreads and price impact.","proposed":false},{"id":828,"term":"Liquid Proof of Stake — Tezos","genz":"Participate directly or delegate your stake’s role.","plain":"A proof-of-stake model allowing flexible delegation.","technical":"Tezos-associated consensus terminology combining stake-based participation with delegation; it is distinct from liquid-staking tokens.","proposed":false},{"id":829,"term":"Liquid Staking — historical Fantom example","genz":"Keep a usable token representation while the underlying asset is staked.","plain":"A mechanism issuing a representation of staked assets.","technical":"Receipt-token arrangements introduce redemption, slashing and liquidity risks; the source’s sFTM example is historical.","proposed":false},{"id":830,"term":"Liquidation","genz":"Your collateral no longer clears the safety rules, so the position gets closed.","plain":"Forced closing or asset sale to cover a financial obligation.","technical":"A risk-control process triggered by margin or collateral breaches; it does not always consume the entire initial deposit.","proposed":false},{"id":831,"term":"Liquidity","genz":"How easily you can trade without wrecking the price.","plain":"The ability to buy or sell an asset with limited difficulty and price impact.","technical":"A multidimensional property involving spread, depth, immediacy and resilience; volume alone is insufficient.","proposed":false},{"id":832,"term":"Liquidity Aggregator","genz":"Checks multiple trading pools so one venue doesn’t dictate your deal.","plain":"A service combining access to liquidity from different sources.","technical":"Routing infrastructure comparing or splitting execution across venues, pools or counterparties.","proposed":false},{"id":833,"term":"Liquidity Mining","genz":"Supply liquidity, receive token incentives—still carry the risks.","plain":"Earning rewards for providing assets to a protocol.","technical":"Token-emission incentives paid to liquidity suppliers, separate from underlying trading fees or lending interest.","proposed":false},{"id":834,"term":"Liquidity Pool","genz":"A shared token reserve that smart contracts put to work.","plain":"Assets pooled to support trading, lending or another financial function.","technical":"Contract-managed reserves governed by pricing, utilisation, withdrawal and risk rules.","proposed":false},{"id":835,"term":"Liquidity Premium","genz":"Extra expected compensation for owning something harder to sell.","plain":"An additional return investors may demand for reduced liquidity.","technical":"A required-return component attributable to trading frictions, distinct from credit or maturity risk.","proposed":false},{"id":836,"term":"Liquidity Provider — LP","genz":"Supplies the assets that let other people trade or borrow.","plain":"A participant providing funds or market quotes that support transactions.","technical":"A capital supplier to a pool or market-making process, earning compensation while bearing inventory and protocol risks.","proposed":false},{"id":837,"term":"Liquidity Provider Token — LP Token","genz":"Your receipt for a share of a liquidity position.","plain":"A token representing rights over assets supplied to a pool.","technical":"A position claim whose value reflects pool accounting; some liquidity positions use NFTs rather than fungible tokens.","proposed":false},{"id":838,"term":"Listing","genz":"A trading venue adds an asset—not a certificate of trustworthiness.","plain":"Making an asset available for trading on a platform.","technical":"Admission of a trading instrument or pair under venue rules; listing does not guarantee liquidity or legitimacy.","proposed":false},{"id":839,"term":"Litecoin — LTC","genz":"A long-running Bitcoin-derived coin with its own network and settings.","plain":"A cryptocurrency launched in 2011 by Charlie Lee.","technical":"A Bitcoin-code-derived proof-of-work network using Scrypt and different block parameters; it was not the first altcoin.","proposed":false},{"id":840,"term":"Liveness","genz":"The system keeps making progress instead of getting stuck forever.","plain":"A guarantee that expected actions can eventually complete.","technical":"A progress property under stated assumptions; it is distinct from safety and does not necessarily impose a fixed deadline.","proposed":false},{"id":841,"term":"Livepeer Token — LPT","genz":"Livepeer’s staking token—not a subscription to watch videos.","plain":"A token used to support participation in Livepeer’s video-processing network.","technical":"A protocol asset used in staking and delegation to coordinate and economically secure video-processing services.","proposed":false},{"id":842,"term":"Loan-to-Value Ratio — LTV","genz":"How much you borrowed compared with what you put up.","plain":"The loan amount divided by the value of its collateral.","technical":"LTV = outstanding loan value ÷ collateral value × 100%, measured using consistent valuation units.","proposed":false},{"id":843,"term":"Locker Ransomware","genz":"Malware puts your device behind a paywall nobody asked for.","plain":"Malicious software that blocks device access and demands payment.","technical":"Ransomware restricting system access, potentially without encrypting the underlying files.","proposed":false},{"id":844,"term":"London Bullion Market Association — LBMA","genz":"A standards-setting organisation for the wholesale precious-metals world.","plain":"A trade association supporting the global bullion market.","technical":"An industry body maintaining standards and market practices for wholesale gold and silver.","proposed":false},{"id":845,"term":"London Good Delivery","genz":"The wholesale gold-and-silver quality checklist.","plain":"Standards defining acceptable bullion bars and approved refiners.","technical":"LBMA specifications covering bar quality, dimensions, markings and refiner accreditation for the London market.","proposed":false},{"id":846,"term":"London Stock Exchange Group — LSEG","genz":"Financial-market infrastructure, not just one trading floor.","plain":"A company providing exchange, financial-data and related services.","technical":"A financial-infrastructure group operating across market data, trading and post-trade services.","proposed":false},{"id":847,"term":"Long Position","genz":"Your position benefits when the asset goes up.","plain":"An investment with positive exposure to an asset’s price.","technical":"A position generally gaining from increases in the underlying value, before financing costs and other adjustments.","proposed":false},{"id":848,"term":"Loom — LOOM, historical project context","genz":"A blockchain project that explored scaling and business applications.","plain":"A network originally associated with scaling Ethereum applications.","technical":"A blockchain-infrastructure project historically using application-focused chains; product descriptions depend on the development era.","proposed":false},{"id":849,"term":"LoRaWAN","genz":"Small devices sending small messages over surprisingly long distances.","plain":"A networking protocol for low-power, long-range connected devices.","technical":"A low-power wide-area networking protocol commonly using LoRa radio modulation for IoT communications.","proposed":false},{"id":850,"term":"Lovelace","genz":"A tiny slice of ADA.","plain":"The smallest denomination of Cardano’s ADA currency.","technical":"One lovelace equals 0.000001 ADA; one ADA contains one million lovelace.","proposed":false},{"id":851,"term":"Low","genz":"The lowest price recorded in your chosen window.","plain":"An asset’s minimum observed price during a specified period.","technical":"The minimum qualifying price observation within a defined candle, session or measurement interval.","proposed":false},{"id":852,"term":"Low-Level Programming Language","genz":"Code close to the hardware, with fewer comfort features.","plain":"A language exposing details of how a computer operates.","technical":"A language with limited hardware abstraction; low-level code is not inherently slower or less efficient.","proposed":false},{"id":853,"term":"Lump Sum","genz":"One payment, not a drip-feed.","plain":"An amount paid or invested all at once.","technical":"A single capital transfer, distinguished from instalments or recurring contributions.","proposed":false},{"id":854,"term":"Machine Learning — ML","genz":"Software learns patterns from examples instead of getting every answer hand-written.","plain":"Methods that learn useful patterns from data.","technical":"Algorithms fitting model parameters from data to optimise specified objectives and generalise to unseen inputs.","proposed":false},{"id":855,"term":"Machine-Learning Prediction","genz":"A model’s estimate—not a sneak peek at the future.","plain":"An output generated by a trained machine-learning model.","technical":"An inference such as a forecast, classification or probability estimate, subject to model and data uncertainty.","proposed":false},{"id":856,"term":"Machine-to-Machine — M2M","genz":"Devices talking business without a human pressing every button.","plain":"Automated communication between machines.","technical":"System-to-system exchange of data or instructions; automation does not inherently eliminate intermediaries or costs.","proposed":false},{"id":857,"term":"Mainchain","genz":"The primary chain in a network’s family tree.","plain":"A principal blockchain relative to connected secondary chains.","technical":"A context-dependent term for the base or parent ledger in a multi-chain architecture.","proposed":false},{"id":858,"term":"Mainnet","genz":"The real network, where mistakes can cost real assets.","plain":"A blockchain’s production network rather than a testing environment.","technical":"The live deployment carrying production state and economically valuable assets; “mainnet” does not imply finished development.","proposed":false},{"id":859,"term":"Maker — MKR, legacy governance token","genz":"Maker’s original governance token, with a later SKY upgrade path.","plain":"The token historically used to govern MakerDAO.","technical":"A legacy governance asset within the Maker-to-Sky transition; current participation mechanics differ from the original model. Sky documentation","proposed":false},{"id":860,"term":"Maker Protocol / MakerDAO — historical naming","genz":"The DeFi system behind Dai’s collateral-backed origins.","plain":"An Ethereum-based system for issuing Dai against collateral.","technical":"A governed collateralised-debt architecture that evolved into the broader Sky ecosystem.","proposed":false},{"id":861,"term":"Malware","genz":"Software whose actual job is ruining your day.","plain":"Software designed to harm, exploit or gain unauthorised access.","technical":"Malicious code encompassing categories such as ransomware, spyware, trojans and worms.","proposed":false},{"id":862,"term":"Management Information System — MIS","genz":"Turns business records into something managers can actually use.","plain":"A system organising information for business decisions.","technical":"An integrated collection of people, processes and technology supporting operational and managerial reporting.","proposed":false},{"id":863,"term":"Margin Call","genz":"“Add collateral or reduce the position”—sometimes with very little warning.","plain":"A demand to restore an account’s required margin.","technical":"A collateral-deficiency notification; some systems liquidate automatically rather than providing a traditional margin call.","proposed":false},{"id":864,"term":"Margin Trading","genz":"Trade with extra buying power and extra ways to lose.","plain":"Trading with borrowed funds or collateral-backed exposure.","technical":"Leveraged trading governed by initial margin, maintenance requirements, financing and liquidation rules.","proposed":false},{"id":865,"term":"Mark to Market","genz":"Value the position using today’s market—not yesterday’s purchase receipt.","plain":"Updating an asset or liability’s value using market information.","technical":"Periodic revaluation using observable prices or prescribed valuation inputs, potentially affecting reported P&L and margin.","proposed":false},{"id":866,"term":"Market Capitalisation — Market Cap","genz":"Price times circulating coins—not money sitting in a vault.","plain":"A token’s price multiplied by its circulating supply.","technical":"An implied aggregate valuation; it is neither cumulative investment inflow nor immediately realisable liquidation value.","proposed":false},{"id":867,"term":"Market Depth","genz":"How much buying or selling the market can absorb before wobbling.","plain":"The available trading quantity across different prices.","technical":"The distribution of executable liquidity across price levels; displayed orders may change or disappear.","proposed":false},{"id":868,"term":"Market Maker","genz":"Posts buy and sell quotes so trading has someone on the other side.","plain":"A participant regularly offering to buy and sell an asset.","technical":"A liquidity supplier managing quoted spreads, inventory and adverse-selection risk.","proposed":false},{"id":869,"term":"Market Order","genz":"“Trade now”—not “guarantee me that displayed price.”","plain":"An order seeking execution against available liquidity.","technical":"An order prioritising execution over price control, potentially filling across multiple levels or remaining partially unfilled.","proposed":false},{"id":870,"term":"Market Sentiment","genz":"The market’s collective mood, from doomposting to moonposting.","plain":"Investors’ overall attitude towards an asset or market.","technical":"An inferred behavioural state measured through surveys, positioning, flows, communications or market indicators.","proposed":false},{"id":871,"term":"Market Signal","genz":"A clue worth checking—not an automatic buy button.","plain":"Information suggesting a possible market development or trading opportunity.","technical":"An observed feature interpreted under an analytical framework; usefulness requires validation against relevant outcomes.","proposed":false},{"id":872,"term":"Markets Integrity Committee — historical Polymarket terminology","genz":"An oversight group intended to keep prediction markets honest.","plain":"A committee described as supporting market integrity on Polymarket.","technical":"Historical platform-specific oversight terminology; its authority and current operation require separate verification.","proposed":false},{"id":873,"term":"Marlowe","genz":"Describe financial agreements without building every rule from scratch.","plain":"A language designed for expressing financial contracts.","technical":"A domain-specific language associated with Cardano, using structured contract constructs and analysis tools.","proposed":false},{"id":874,"term":"Mastercoin — historical name","genz":"An early attempt to put extra assets on Bitcoin.","plain":"The project later renamed Omni.","technical":"A Bitcoin-based token and asset protocol using the underlying blockchain to record additional application-level transactions.","proposed":false},{"id":875,"term":"Maximum Supply","genz":"The token ceiling—if the protocol actually has one.","plain":"The greatest number of tokens permitted under specified rules.","technical":"An issuance cap distinct from total or circulating supply; not every cryptocurrency has a fixed maximum.","proposed":false},{"id":876,"term":"Medium","genz":"A publishing platform where project updates mingle with everyone’s hot takes.","plain":"A website for publishing and reading articles.","technical":"A hosted content platform; publication there does not establish editorial independence or factual reliability.","proposed":false},{"id":877,"term":"Medium of Exchange","genz":"Something people accept when you pay for stuff.","plain":"An asset used to purchase goods and services.","technical":"A monetary function enabling exchange without requiring direct barter between matching counterparties.","proposed":false},{"id":878,"term":"Meebits","genz":"Collectible 3D characters represented by NFTs.","plain":"A digital-character collection originally created by Larva Labs.","technical":"A collection of distinct voxel-style character NFTs; ownership rights depend on the applicable licence.","proposed":false},{"id":879,"term":"Megabyte — MB","genz":"A million bytes, not the binary lookalike.","plain":"A unit of data equal to one million bytes.","technical":"1 MB = 10⁶ bytes; 1 MiB = 2²⁰ bytes.","proposed":false},{"id":880,"term":"Membership Service Provider — MSP","genz":"The identity rulebook for a permissioned blockchain’s guest list.","plain":"A component defining recognised network identities and membership.","technical":"In systems such as Fabric, an abstraction specifying trusted identities, certification authorities and validation rules.","proposed":false},{"id":881,"term":"Memecoin","genz":"A token powered heavily by jokes, community and internet attention.","plain":"A cryptocurrency associated with a meme or cultural theme.","technical":"A socially driven token category whose demand may depend substantially on sentiment and speculative participation.","proposed":false},{"id":882,"term":"Memorandum of Understanding — MOU","genz":"“Here’s what we intend to do”—not necessarily a completed deal.","plain":"A document recording an understanding between parties.","technical":"Its legal effect depends on wording, intent and jurisdiction; some provisions may be binding.","proposed":false},{"id":883,"term":"Mempool","genz":"A node’s waiting room for transactions hoping to reach a block.","plain":"A collection of pending transactions maintained by a node.","technical":"A local transaction pool governed by node admission and replacement policies; there is no single universal mempool.","proposed":false},{"id":884,"term":"Merkle Root","genz":"One fingerprint representing a whole tree of data.","plain":"The top hash in a Merkle tree.","technical":"A cryptographic commitment enabling efficient verification of included data using an accompanying Merkle proof.","proposed":false},{"id":885,"term":"Merkle Tree","genz":"A tree of fingerprints that makes checking large datasets cheaper.","plain":"A structure connecting data through layers of hashes.","technical":"A hash-based tree supporting compact membership proofs and efficient detection of altered data.","proposed":false},{"id":886,"term":"Mesh Network","genz":"Devices connect through multiple neighbours instead of one central hub.","plain":"A network with multiple interconnections between participating devices.","technical":"A topology supporting alternative communication paths; resilience depends on connectivity, routing and failure conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":887,"term":"Metachain — Elrond-era terminology","genz":"A coordination chain keeping the shards on the same page.","plain":"A specialised chain coordinating a sharded blockchain network.","technical":"An Elrond-associated coordination component handling shard-header notarisation, validator information and cross-shard functions.","proposed":false},{"id":888,"term":"Metadata","genz":"Information about the information.","plain":"Details describing a file, record or other data.","technical":"Attributes such as timestamps, schema, authorship and provenance; metadata can itself expose sensitive information.","proposed":false},{"id":889,"term":"MetaMask","genz":"A wallet interface for connecting to blockchain apps—not an automatic safety check.","plain":"Software for managing blockchain accounts and interacting with applications.","technical":"A wallet and signing interface; transaction safety depends on permissions, key security and contract behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":890,"term":"Metaverse","genz":"Shared digital worlds, avatars and experiences—not necessarily a headset requirement.","plain":"A broad concept for interconnected or persistent virtual environments.","technical":"A non-standardised category of multi-user digital spaces; blockchain and virtual reality are optional components.","proposed":false},{"id":891,"term":"Metropolis — Ethereum, historical","genz":"An Ethereum development chapter delivered through multiple upgrades.","plain":"A historical phase of Ethereum’s protocol development.","technical":"A roadmap phase associated with Byzantium and Constantinople, rather than one complete October 2017 release.","proposed":false},{"id":892,"term":"Micro Cap","genz":"A very small market cap, often with very big trading risks.","plain":"An asset with a relatively small aggregate market valuation.","technical":"A size category with context-dependent thresholds, frequently associated with limited liquidity and concentrated ownership.","proposed":false},{"id":893,"term":"Micropayment","genz":"A payment so small that fees can become the main character.","plain":"A transaction involving a small amount of money.","technical":"A low-value payment whose practicality depends on processing overhead and settlement costs.","proposed":false},{"id":894,"term":"Microtransaction — MTX","genz":"The in-app purchase that starts with “it’s only a few quid.”","plain":"A purchase made within a game or application.","technical":"An application-level monetisation transaction, often for digital items; transaction size is not necessarily small.","proposed":false},{"id":895,"term":"Mid Cap","genz":"Between the tiny projects and the market-cap giants.","plain":"An asset with a medium-sized market capitalisation.","technical":"A relative valuation category whose boundaries depend on the asset universe and classification methodology.","proposed":false},{"id":896,"term":"Middleware","genz":"The connective software helping other software work together.","plain":"Software linking applications, services or infrastructure.","technical":"An intermediary layer providing functions such as messaging, authentication, integration or data access.","proposed":false},{"id":897,"term":"Mimblewimble","genz":"A blockchain design that hides amounts and trims transaction baggage.","plain":"A privacy-focused approach to constructing blockchain transactions.","technical":"A design using confidential transactions, aggregation and cut-through; privacy remains dependent on implementation and network observations.","proposed":false},{"id":898,"term":"Miner","genz":"Runs hardware in the proof-of-work block-production competition.","plain":"A participant performing computation to propose blockchain blocks.","technical":"A PoW participant searching for valid work proofs; other full nodes independently enforce validity rules.","proposed":false},{"id":899,"term":"Minimum Collateralisation Ratio — MCR","genz":"The minimum safety cushion between collateral and debt.","plain":"The lowest permitted collateral value relative to borrowing.","technical":"A threshold for collateral value ÷ debt value; falling below it can trigger liquidation.","proposed":false},{"id":900,"term":"Minimum Viable Product — MVP","genz":"The smallest useful version that tests whether the idea works.","plain":"An early product built to test important assumptions with users.","technical":"A limited implementation designed to maximise validated learning with proportionate development effort.","proposed":false},{"id":901,"term":"Mining","genz":"Compete with computing power to add the next valid block.","plain":"The process used to produce blocks in proof-of-work networks.","technical":"Repeated computation satisfying a difficulty condition, combined with transaction validation and block construction.","proposed":false},{"id":902,"term":"Mining Algorithm","genz":"The specific puzzle rules the mining hardware follows.","plain":"The computational method used in a proof-of-work system.","technical":"The function and validation constraints defining acceptable work, including difficulty and proof format.","proposed":false},{"id":903,"term":"Mining as a Service — MaaS","genz":"Rent claimed mining power instead of running the machines yourself.","plain":"A service selling access to mining capacity.","technical":"A hosted-mining or hash-rate contract carrying provider, pricing, operational and profitability risks.","proposed":false},{"id":904,"term":"Mining Farm","genz":"A facility full of mining hardware, cooling and electricity bills.","plain":"A site operating multiple cryptocurrency-mining machines.","technical":"A coordinated mining installation whose economics depend on hardware efficiency, energy, cooling and network difficulty.","proposed":false},{"id":905,"term":"Mining Pool","genz":"Miners team up to make rewards less lottery-like.","plain":"A group combining mining effort and sharing rewards.","technical":"A service accounting for contributed work and distributing proceeds under a defined payout scheme.","proposed":false},{"id":906,"term":"Mining Reward","genz":"The payment for producing an accepted block.","plain":"Compensation miners receive under a blockchain’s rules.","technical":"Typically includes block subsidy and transaction fees; subsidy reductions do not necessarily halve total compensation.","proposed":false},{"id":907,"term":"Mining Rig","genz":"Hardware set up to do mining work.","plain":"A computer or specialised device used for cryptocurrency mining.","technical":"A mining configuration combining processing hardware, control software, power and cooling.","proposed":false},{"id":908,"term":"Minting","genz":"Create new tokens—according to rules, not unlimited magic.","plain":"Issuing new digital tokens or assets.","technical":"A state transition increasing token issuance; authorisation, supply caps and resource costs depend on the implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":909,"term":"Mirror Asset — mAsset, historical","genz":"A token tracking an asset’s price without giving you the actual share.","plain":"A synthetic asset created through Mirror Protocol.","technical":"A historically collateralised, oracle-priced exposure; it did not necessarily confer ownership of the referenced security.","proposed":false},{"id":910,"term":"Mirror Protocol — historical","genz":"A Terra-era platform for synthetic market exposure.","plain":"A protocol designed to issue tokens tracking external asset prices.","technical":"A Terra-based synthetic-asset application using collateral and price feeds; historical descriptions do not establish present operability.","proposed":false},{"id":911,"term":"Mirror Token — MIR, historical","genz":"Mirror’s governance-and-incentive token from that ecosystem’s original design.","plain":"The token associated with Mirror Protocol.","technical":"An asset historically used for governance and liquidity incentives, distinct from Mirror’s synthetic mAssets.","proposed":false},{"id":912,"term":"Crypto Mixer","genz":"Makes transaction trails harder to follow—not guaranteed invisible.","plain":"A service or protocol intended to reduce transaction linkability.","technical":"A privacy mechanism combining or obscuring transaction relationships; custody, effectiveness and legal treatment vary.","proposed":false},{"id":913,"term":"Mobile Wallet","genz":"A wallet app in your pocket—with phone-security risks attached.","plain":"Cryptocurrency wallet software installed on a mobile device.","technical":"A mobile interface for account management and signing; custody arrangements differ between applications.","proposed":false},{"id":914,"term":"Modern Portfolio Theory — MPT","genz":"Judge how investments work together, not just each one’s solo performance.","plain":"A framework balancing portfolio risk and expected return.","technical":"Mean-variance optimisation using expected returns, variances and covariances under specified modelling assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":915,"term":"Moment — NBA Top Shot","genz":"A basketball highlight packaged as a digital collectible.","plain":"An NFT associated with an officially presented basketball moment.","technical":"A collectible token referencing licensed media and metadata; token ownership is not ownership of broadcast copyright.","proposed":false},{"id":916,"term":"Monero — XMR","genz":"A cryptocurrency designed to keep transaction details less exposed.","plain":"A privacy-focused cryptocurrency and proof-of-work network.","technical":"A system using cryptographic mechanisms to obscure transaction participants and amounts; privacy is not an absolute guarantee.","proposed":false},{"id":917,"term":"Monetary Authority of Singapore — MAS","genz":"Singapore’s central bank and financial-regulation authority.","plain":"The institution responsible for Singapore’s monetary and financial oversight.","technical":"An integrated central bank and financial supervisor covering monetary policy and regulated financial activities.","proposed":false},{"id":918,"term":"Monetary Policy","genz":"Central banks adjust the money-and-credit conditions.","plain":"Actions influencing interest rates, liquidity and monetary conditions.","technical":"Policy instruments used to pursue objectives such as price stability, employment or exchange-rate stability.","proposed":false},{"id":919,"term":"Money Services Business — MSB","genz":"A business moving or exchanging money under specific legal rules.","plain":"A regulatory category covering certain money-related services.","technical":"Classification depends on jurisdiction and activity; registration and licensing are distinct requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":920,"term":"Money Transfer Licence","genz":"Permission to run specified money-transmission services—not permission everywhere.","plain":"Regulatory authorisation for certain payment or money-transfer activities.","technical":"A jurisdiction-specific licence subject to scope, capital, safeguarding and compliance requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":921,"term":"Money Transmitter Regulators Association — MTRA","genz":"An association of regulators—not the office issuing everyone’s licence.","plain":"An organisation supporting cooperation among money-transmission regulators.","technical":"A US nonprofit promoting effective supervision, training and regulatory coordination. MTRA","proposed":false},{"id":922,"term":"Moon","genz":"Price goes massively up. Landing safely is another question.","plain":"Slang for a rapid, substantial price increase.","technical":"An informal description without a standard magnitude, duration or analytical threshold.","proposed":false},{"id":923,"term":"Moore’s Law","genz":"Chips kept fitting more transistors—not every computer automatically doubling speed.","plain":"An observation about the growth of transistor counts on integrated circuits.","technical":"A historical semiconductor-scaling trend commonly expressed as transistor counts doubling roughly every two years.","proposed":false},{"id":924,"term":"More Viable Plasma — MoreVP, historical","genz":"A Plasma design trying to make off-chain payments more practical.","plain":"A variation of Ethereum’s Plasma scaling approach.","technical":"A Plasma construction associated with revised exit mechanisms and the historical OMG payments architecture.","proposed":false},{"id":925,"term":"Motoko","genz":"A language built for Internet Computer applications.","plain":"A programming language for developing Internet Computer smart contracts.","technical":"An actor-oriented language compiling to WebAssembly for canister execution; WebAssembly itself is the target, not its parent language.","proposed":false},{"id":926,"term":"Move to Earn — M2E","genz":"Get moving, receive rewards—if the app’s economics hold up.","plain":"Applications rewarding users for verified physical activity.","technical":"Incentive systems linking activity measurements to digital rewards, subject to verification, eligibility and token-economic risks.","proposed":false},{"id":927,"term":"Moving Average — MA","genz":"Smooth the noisy chart so the broader direction is easier to see.","plain":"An average updated as new observations arrive.","technical":"A rolling or recursively weighted smoothing measure; it generally lags changes in the underlying series.","proposed":false},{"id":928,"term":"Moving Average Convergence Divergence — MACD","genz":"Compare trend speeds to see whether momentum is changing.","plain":"An indicator based on differences between moving averages.","technical":"Typically the difference between two exponential averages, accompanied by a signal average and difference histogram.","proposed":false},{"id":929,"term":"Mt. Gox — historical","genz":"An early exchange collapse that became a custody-risk cautionary tale.","plain":"A Bitcoin exchange that failed in 2014 after major losses.","technical":"A historical centralised-exchange insolvency involving missing assets and subsequent legal recovery proceedings.","proposed":false},{"id":930,"term":"Multi-DLT Application — mDapp","genz":"One application working across more than one ledger.","plain":"Software integrating multiple distributed-ledger systems.","technical":"Quant-associated terminology for applications orchestrating operations across supported ledgers through interoperability infrastructure.","proposed":false},{"id":931,"term":"Multi-Factor Authentication — MFA","genz":"More than one kind of proof that it’s really you.","plain":"Authentication using two or more different factor categories.","technical":"Combines factors such as knowledge, possession and inherence; two passwords alone are not two factors.","proposed":false},{"id":932,"term":"Multi-Hop Routing","genz":"Your traffic takes several stops before reaching its destination.","plain":"Sending data through multiple intermediate nodes.","technical":"A routing path traversing several relays; in VPN systems, privacy depends on relay trust and traffic analysis.","proposed":false},{"id":933,"term":"Multi-Ledger Token — MLT","genz":"A token design meant to work across supported ledger systems.","plain":"Quant terminology for interoperable token arrangements.","technical":"A cross-ledger token framework whose issuance, transfer and consistency guarantees depend on the implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":934,"term":"Multi-Level Byzantine Fault Tolerance — Theta","genz":"Different validator groups share the agreement workload.","plain":"A layered approach to reaching blockchain consensus.","technical":"A Theta-associated architecture combining validator and guardian roles; security depends on the actual protocol and participation assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":935,"term":"Multi-Signature Wallet — Multisig","genz":"One key alone cannot move the funds.","plain":"A wallet requiring several approvals for a transaction.","technical":"An m-of-n authorisation policy enforced through scripts or contracts; signer independence remains important.","proposed":false},{"id":936,"term":"Multiplayer Online Battle Arena — MOBA","genz":"Team fights, distinct characters and a shared enemy objective.","plain":"A competitive game genre involving opposing teams controlling individual characters.","technical":"A real-time multiplayer genre combining character progression, map objectives and team strategy.","proposed":false},{"id":937,"term":"Mutant Ape Yacht Club — MAYC","genz":"The mutant-themed branch of the Bored Ape collectible universe.","plain":"An NFT collection associated with Bored Ape Yacht Club.","technical":"A Yuga Labs collection distributed through mechanisms including public minting and serum-based transformations.","proposed":false},{"id":938,"term":"Mutual Fund","genz":"Pool your investment with others in one managed vehicle.","plain":"A fund investing money contributed by multiple investors.","technical":"A pooled investment structure with defined strategy, fees and dealing rules; diversification varies by mandate.","proposed":false},{"id":939,"term":"Mutual Insurance Company","genz":"The policyholders own the insurer.","plain":"An insurance company owned by its members rather than outside shareholders.","technical":"A member-owned insurer whose governance and surplus distribution follow its governing documents and applicable law.","proposed":false},{"id":940,"term":"Mutualised Proof of Stake — MPoS","genz":"Share block rewards across participants to make certain attacks less attractive.","plain":"A proof-of-stake variation associated with Qtum.","technical":"A reward-sharing and delayed-distribution design intended to reduce specific attack incentives.","proposed":false},{"id":941,"term":"My Story — VeChain / DNV","genz":"Scan a product and inspect the story behind it.","plain":"A system presenting information about a product’s supply chain.","technical":"A digital-assurance application linking product identifiers to recorded lifecycle claims; source-data quality remains essential.","proposed":false},{"id":942,"term":"Naked Call","genz":"Sell upside protection you don’t own—and the downside can be enormous.","plain":"Selling a call option without holding the underlying asset.","technical":"An uncovered short-call position with theoretically unlimited loss as the underlying price increases.","proposed":false},{"id":943,"term":"Nasdaq","genz":"A major electronic stock exchange—not just its famous index.","plain":"A US securities exchange and associated financial-technology business.","technical":"An exchange venue supporting listed securities; distinguish the market from Nasdaq-branded indices.","proposed":false},{"id":944,"term":"Nasdaq Composite Index","genz":"A broad Nasdaq-listed stock scoreboard, not a basket of commodities.","plain":"An index tracking eligible securities listed on Nasdaq.","technical":"A market-capitalisation-weighted equity index with eligibility and weighting determined by its methodology.","proposed":false},{"id":945,"term":"National Securities Clearing Corporation — NSCC","genz":"Helps turn lots of securities trades into manageable settlement obligations.","plain":"A US organisation providing securities-clearing services.","technical":"A DTCC subsidiary performing clearing, netting and risk-management functions for eligible transactions.","proposed":false},{"id":946,"term":"National Stock Exchange of India — NSE","genz":"A major Indian trading venue, associated with the Nifty indices.","plain":"An Indian exchange for securities and derivatives.","technical":"Market infrastructure supporting listed trading, market data and related investment benchmarks.","proposed":false},{"id":947,"term":"Near-Field Communication — NFC","genz":"Tap your device close enough and it can exchange data.","plain":"Short-range wireless communication used in payments and identification.","technical":"A proximity radio technology supporting reader, card-emulation and peer communication modes.","proposed":false},{"id":948,"term":"NEM Foundation — historical organisation","genz":"An organisation created to help the NEM ecosystem grow.","plain":"A foundation associated with promoting NEM technology.","technical":"A historical ecosystem-support body; its existence should not be confused with control of network consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":949,"term":"NEM N1S1","genz":"The original NEM chain—not simply another name for Symbol.","plain":"A name for the original NEM blockchain.","technical":"The legacy NEM network architecture, distinct from the separately developed Symbol network.","proposed":false},{"id":950,"term":"Neo / NEO","genz":"Neo is the network; NEO is its governance-related asset.","plain":"A smart-contract blockchain using NEO and GAS for different functions.","technical":"A dual-token architecture distinguishing NEO governance participation from GAS-based network fees.","proposed":false},{"id":951,"term":"Neo File Storage — NeoFS","genz":"Distributed storage for files that apps need to keep somewhere.","plain":"A decentralised object-storage system associated with Neo.","technical":"Infrastructure distributing stored objects across providers under placement, access and payment rules.","proposed":false},{"id":952,"term":"NeoID","genz":"Identity tools for proving claims—not putting everyone’s life on-chain.","plain":"A digital-identity initiative associated with Neo.","technical":"An identity framework for credentials and verification; assurances depend on issuers, methods and implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":953,"term":"Nested Blockchain","genz":"Parent-and-child chains sharing the workload.","plain":"A blockchain architecture organised into interconnected layers or chains.","technical":"A hierarchical design delegating operations to subsidiary chains with protocol-specific reporting and settlement relationships.","proposed":false},{"id":954,"term":"NET — EOSIO terminology","genz":"Your transaction-bandwidth allowance, not your internet subscription.","plain":"A resource measure associated with transaction data usage.","technical":"An EOSIO-family network resource accounted for in bytes, with allocation determined by the relevant resource model.","proposed":false},{"id":955,"term":"Net Interest Income — NII","genz":"Interest earned minus interest paid.","plain":"The difference between interest income and interest expense.","technical":"A financial-performance measure expressed as an amount, distinct from the net interest margin ratio.","proposed":false},{"id":956,"term":"Net Present Value — NPV","genz":"Bring future cash flows into today’s money, then total the result.","plain":"The present value of expected inflows minus outflows.","technical":"The sum of discounted net cash flows using a specified discount rate and timing convention.","proposed":false},{"id":957,"term":"Network Baseline Model — Filecoin","genz":"Part of token issuance waits for the storage network to grow.","plain":"A mechanism linking some Filecoin issuance to storage-capacity progress.","technical":"Baseline-dependent minting uses network performance relative to a reference trajectory, alongside time-based issuance.","proposed":false},{"id":958,"term":"Network Congestion","genz":"More demand than the network can comfortably process.","plain":"Overloading that causes delays or reduced network performance.","technical":"Resource contention where submitted workload approaches or exceeds processing, bandwidth or storage capacity.","proposed":false},{"id":959,"term":"Network Effect","genz":"More useful participants can make the service more useful for everyone.","plain":"A change in value caused by changes in network participation.","technical":"A demand-side effect linking utility to the number or composition of users; effects can be positive or negative.","proposed":false},{"id":960,"term":"Network Latency","genz":"How long the message takes to get there.","plain":"Delay in transmitting data across a network.","technical":"One-way or round-trip communication time, distinct from throughput and total application-processing time.","proposed":false},{"id":961,"term":"Network Nervous System — NNS","genz":"The Internet Computer’s governance-and-management machinery.","plain":"A system governing important Internet Computer operations.","technical":"An on-chain governance framework managing proposals and network parameters through neuron-based voting.","proposed":false},{"id":962,"term":"Network Pruning — terminology clarification","genz":"Trim what’s unnecessary—but first say which kind of network you mean.","plain":"Removing selected components or stored data to reduce resource use.","technical":"Blockchain pruning discards eligible historical data; neural-network pruning removes model parameters or connections.","proposed":false},{"id":963,"term":"Neuron — Internet Computer","genz":"Lock ICP into a governance position with voting rules attached.","plain":"A mechanism for participating in Internet Computer governance.","technical":"An NNS governance object holding staked ICP, with voting weight and release conditions determined by protocol rules.","proposed":false},{"id":964,"term":"New York State Department of Financial Services — NYDFS","genz":"New York’s financial-services supervisor—not a global crypto regulator.","plain":"A state agency regulating specified financial activities.","technical":"A supervisory authority covering entities and products within its statutory jurisdiction.","proposed":false},{"id":965,"term":"New York Stock Exchange — NYSE","genz":"A major US stock exchange with the iconic trading-floor reputation.","plain":"An exchange where listed securities are traded.","technical":"A regulated securities market providing listing and trading infrastructure under exchange and securities-law requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":966,"term":"Nick Szabo","genz":"A smart-contract and digital-money pioneer—identity rumours are not evidence.","plain":"A researcher known for smart contracts and the Bit Gold proposal.","technical":"A computer scientist and legal scholar associated with early work on programmable agreements and decentralised money.","proposed":false},{"id":967,"term":"Nifty Gateway — historical platform context","genz":"A digital-art marketplace brand from the NFT ecosystem.","plain":"A platform associated with buying and selling digital collectibles.","technical":"An NFT-marketplace service; historical features should not be treated as proof of current availability.","proposed":false},{"id":968,"term":"Nightfall — EY","genz":"Blockchain transactions with privacy-focused business tooling.","plain":"A family of privacy-related blockchain technologies developed by EY.","technical":"Protocol implementations combining cryptographic privacy and scaling techniques; architecture differs between versions.","proposed":false},{"id":969,"term":"Node","genz":"A participating computer or process in the network.","plain":"A system that communicates with other network participants.","technical":"A network endpoint whose role may include validation, storage, relay or observation.","proposed":false},{"id":970,"term":"Node.js","genz":"JavaScript running beyond the browser.","plain":"A runtime used to build servers, tools and applications with JavaScript.","technical":"A cross-platform runtime built around V8, with event-driven I/O and server-side APIs.","proposed":false},{"id":971,"term":"Nodeos — EOSIO-family software","genz":"The background software doing an EOSIO node’s blockchain work.","plain":"Software used to operate an EOSIO-compatible blockchain node.","technical":"A daemon supporting functions such as transaction processing, block validation and configured block production.","proposed":false},{"id":972,"term":"Nominated Proof of Stake — NPoS","genz":"Token holders back validators instead of everyone running the full show.","plain":"A staking model where nominators support validator candidates.","technical":"A validator-election and economic-security mechanism, distinct from the complete block-production and finality protocols.","proposed":false},{"id":973,"term":"Nominator — Polkadot","genz":"Back validators with stake—and share some of their risks.","plain":"A participant nominating validators using staked assets.","technical":"A staking role eligible for rewards and potential slashing; nomination does not inherently require running a node.","proposed":false},{"id":974,"term":"Non-Custodial","genz":"The service is not supposed to hold the spending keys for you.","plain":"An arrangement where a provider does not control users’ assets through custody.","technical":"Control depends on key ownership and authorisation design; non-custodial does not eliminate contract or interface risk.","proposed":false},{"id":975,"term":"Non-Custodial Wallet","genz":"Your keys, your approvals—and your recovery responsibility.","plain":"A wallet giving the user control over transaction authorisation.","technical":"Wallet software whose provider does not independently control spending, subject to the specific recovery and signing architecture.","proposed":false},{"id":976,"term":"Non-Deterministic Wallet","genz":"Separate random keys instead of one seed generating the family.","plain":"A wallet generating independent private keys.","technical":"A key-management model lacking deterministic derivation from one master seed, requiring adequate backups of generated keys.","proposed":false},{"id":977,"term":"Non-Fungibility","genz":"Similar does not mean interchangeable.","plain":"A property making an item distinct from others.","technical":"Lack of perfect substitutability within a class; it does not mean the item cannot be sold or exchanged.","proposed":false},{"id":978,"term":"Non-Fungible Token — NFT","genz":"A distinct blockchain token—not automatic copyright or permanent file storage.","plain":"A token representing an individually identifiable digital record or claim.","technical":"A uniquely identified token whose associated content, permissions and legal rights depend on external and contractual arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":979,"term":"NFT Collection","genz":"A related group of collectible tokens sharing a project or theme.","plain":"A set of NFTs grouped under a common collection.","technical":"Tokens associated through contracts, metadata or issuer-defined categorisation; authenticity requires more than a matching name.","proposed":false},{"id":980,"term":"NFT Marketplace","genz":"A place to list and trade NFTs—not a guarantee they’re genuine.","plain":"A platform supporting NFT transactions.","technical":"Infrastructure for discovery, listing and settlement, with varying custody, royalty and verification arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":981,"term":"Non-Leaf Node","genz":"A tree node with other nodes underneath it.","plain":"An internal node in a tree structure.","technical":"A node with children; in a Merkle tree, it typically commits to child hashes and can include the root.","proposed":false},{"id":982,"term":"Nonce","genz":"A number used for a specific cryptographic or transaction purpose.","plain":"A value used to distinguish an operation or calculation.","technical":"Context varies: mining search input, account transaction counter or uniqueness value in cryptographic protocols.","proposed":false},{"id":983,"term":"Non-Interactive Distributed Key Generation — NI-DKG","genz":"Create shared cryptographic authority without one person holding the whole secret.","plain":"A method for distributing key material among participants.","technical":"A cryptographic protocol generating or resharing threshold-key shares with limited interaction under defined setup assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":984,"term":"Notional Volume","genz":"The size of the exposure traded—not necessarily the cash paid.","plain":"Trading activity measured using the referenced contract value.","technical":"Aggregated underlying-equivalent transaction value; calculation depends on quantity, multiplier and the chosen reference price.","proposed":false},{"id":985,"term":"Numeraire — NMR","genz":"Numerai’s token for putting economic weight behind model predictions.","plain":"A token associated with Numerai’s crowdsourced forecasting ecosystem.","technical":"An asset used in prediction-staking mechanisms where outcomes can affect rewards and staked value.","proposed":false},{"id":986,"term":"Observers — Elrond-era terminology","genz":"Read and relay the chain without being the block-producing judge.","plain":"Nodes used to observe and serve blockchain information.","technical":"Non-validator network nodes whose storage and API roles depend on configuration.","proposed":false},{"id":987,"term":"OceanDAO — historical programme","genz":"Community voting on which Ocean-related projects should receive support.","plain":"A grants-governance programme associated with Ocean Protocol.","technical":"A historical community funding mechanism using proposal evaluation and token-linked voting.","proposed":false},{"id":988,"term":"Odysee","genz":"A video platform with roots in the LBRY ecosystem.","plain":"A website for publishing and watching videos.","technical":"A content platform historically associated with LBRY; front-end operation and underlying infrastructure are separate layers.","proposed":false},{"id":989,"term":"Off-Chain","genz":"Happens outside the blockchain’s recorded execution.","plain":"An activity performed outside a blockchain ledger.","technical":"Computation, communication or agreement not directly executed or recorded through the relevant chain’s consensus process.","proposed":false},{"id":990,"term":"Off-Chain Governance","genz":"People agree outside the chain, then decide what to implement.","plain":"Governance through discussions, institutions or voting outside blockchain execution.","technical":"Decision-making mechanisms whose outcomes require separate adoption or implementation rather than automatic on-chain enforcement.","proposed":false},{"id":991,"term":"Office of Foreign Assets Control — OFAC","genz":"The US Treasury office administering sanctions rules.","plain":"A US agency responsible for economic and trade sanctions.","technical":"A Treasury office administering sanctions programmes within its legal authority; applicability depends on the relevant rules.","proposed":false},{"id":992,"term":"Offshore Account","genz":"A bank account abroad—not automatically something shady.","plain":"An account held outside the account holder’s home jurisdiction.","technical":"A cross-border banking arrangement subject to applicable reporting, taxation, ownership and compliance obligations.","proposed":false},{"id":993,"term":"OKEx — historical brand name","genz":"An earlier name in the centralised crypto-exchange world.","plain":"A historical brand associated with cryptocurrency trading services.","technical":"An exchange identity from the source’s period; current branding and product access require separate verification.","proposed":false},{"id":994,"term":"OKExChain — historical network terminology","genz":"An exchange-associated blockchain built for programmable trading applications.","plain":"A blockchain project historically associated with OKEx.","technical":"A Cosmos-derived smart-contract network; historical compatibility claims should not imply automatic interoperability with every chain.","proposed":false},{"id":995,"term":"OMG Foundation / OMG Network — historical","genz":"An Ethereum-scaling project from the Plasma era.","plain":"An initiative focused on processing payments outside Ethereum’s base layer.","technical":"A historical MoreVP-based architecture using Ethereum commitments and withdrawal mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":996,"term":"On-Balance Volume — OBV","genz":"Add volume on up days, subtract it on down days.","plain":"An indicator relating trading volume to price direction.","technical":"A cumulative signed-volume measure based on closing-price changes; it does not directly identify buyer or seller intent.","proposed":false},{"id":997,"term":"On-Chain","genz":"Recorded or executed through the blockchain itself.","plain":"Activity occurring within a blockchain’s ledger and rules.","technical":"State transitions or records processed through the chain’s execution and consensus mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":998,"term":"On-Chain Data Availability — OCDA","genz":"The data needed to check the system is published on-chain.","plain":"Making relevant transaction data available through the blockchain.","technical":"Data availability on the base chain supports independent reconstruction; off-chain availability instead introduces different trust assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":999,"term":"On-Chain Governance","genz":"Proposals and votes become part of the blockchain’s rules and records.","plain":"Governance conducted using blockchain transactions and contracts.","technical":"A proposal, voting and possibly execution framework implemented on-chain; participation need not be one-person-one-vote.","proposed":false},{"id":1000,"term":"One-Time Password — OTP","genz":"A login code meant for one use—not something to share with “support.”","plain":"An authentication code valid for a limited use or period.","technical":"A single-use or short-lived credential generated through time, counters or delivery mechanisms; phishing remains possible.","proposed":false},{"id":1001,"term":"Trust Anchor — Ontology","genz":"A recognised issuer helping others verify identity claims.","plain":"An entity providing trusted verification within an identity system.","technical":"An Ontology-associated credential or attestation provider whose authority depends on the trust framework.","proposed":false},{"id":1002,"term":"Ontorand Consensus Engine — historical terminology","genz":"Ontology’s agreement design combining several consensus techniques.","plain":"A consensus mechanism described in Ontology’s development history.","technical":"A design combining Byzantine agreement, stake-related participation and verifiable randomness; terminology varies by protocol version.","proposed":false},{"id":1003,"term":"Opcode","genz":"One low-level instruction telling the machine what to do.","plain":"A code representing a processor or virtual-machine operation.","technical":"An encoded instruction identifier; supported opcodes and semantics depend on the instruction set and version.","proposed":false},{"id":1004,"term":"Open — Opening Price","genz":"The first price in the chosen trading window.","plain":"An asset’s starting price for a session or interval.","technical":"The first qualifying observation in an OHLC interval; continuously traded markets still use defined interval boundaries.","proposed":false},{"id":1005,"term":"Open Finance","genz":"Financial data and services connecting beyond one provider’s walled garden.","plain":"Sharing financial information and services through interoperable arrangements.","technical":"Often consent-based financial-data access through APIs; some usage also refers to permissionless financial protocols.","proposed":false},{"id":1006,"term":"Open Representative Voting — ORV","genz":"Nano holders delegate voting weight without handing over their coins.","plain":"Nano’s system for representative voting on transactions.","technical":"Account balances determine delegated voting weight used by representatives to resolve conflicts and confirm blocks.","proposed":false},{"id":1007,"term":"Open Source","genz":"You can inspect and reuse the code under its licence—not ignore the licence.","plain":"Software licensed for use, modification and redistribution.","technical":"Source availability plus qualifying licence permissions; obligations such as attribution or copyleft may apply.","proposed":false},{"id":1008,"term":"OpenSea","genz":"A marketplace for digital tokens—not proof every listing is legit.","plain":"A platform associated with NFT discovery and trading.","technical":"Marketplace infrastructure supporting listings and transaction execution across supported assets and networks.","proposed":false},{"id":1009,"term":"Opera Mainnet — Fantom, historical architecture","genz":"Fantom’s original smart-contract mainnet chapter.","plain":"A blockchain network associated with Fantom and Lachesis.","technical":"An EVM-compatible execution environment using Fantom’s consensus architecture; compatibility alone does not create cross-chain connectivity.","proposed":false},{"id":1010,"term":"Operating System — OS","genz":"The software organising the device’s whole working day.","plain":"Software managing hardware and providing services for applications.","technical":"A system layer coordinating processes, memory, storage, devices, security and application interfaces.","proposed":false},{"id":1011,"term":"Optimism","genz":"Ethereum scaling technology—not the belief your bags will recover.","plain":"An ecosystem and technology stack associated with Ethereum rollups.","technical":"Rollup infrastructure using Ethereum settlement and data availability; 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Avalanche documentation","proposed":false},{"id":1101,"term":"Prime Rate","genz":"A bank lending benchmark—not the central bank’s universal borrowing price.","plain":"A reference lending rate associated with creditworthy borrowers.","technical":"A commercial-bank benchmark used in pricing certain loans; its relationship to policy rates depends on the market.","proposed":false},{"id":1102,"term":"Principal","genz":"The underlying amount—not the interest added on top.","plain":"The original or outstanding capital in a loan or investment.","technical":"The base amount on which interest or returns may be calculated, with meaning determined by context.","proposed":false},{"id":1103,"term":"Principal–Agent Dilemma","genz":"The person acting for you has incentives that don’t match yours.","plain":"A conflict between someone delegating work and the person doing it.","technical":"An incentive and information problem arising when an agent’s objectives diverge from the principal’s interests.","proposed":false},{"id":1104,"term":"Privacy Coin","genz":"A cryptocurrency designed to reveal less—not guarantee perfect anonymity.","plain":"A cryptocurrency incorporating transaction-privacy features.","technical":"A category using mechanisms such as confidential amounts, hidden recipients or anonymity sets; techniques and guarantees vary.","proposed":false},{"id":1105,"term":"Private Blockchain","genz":"A restricted network, often operated for a particular organisation or group.","plain":"A blockchain limiting access or participation.","technical":"An access-controlled ledger that may still be distributed across multiple operators; private does not mean single-computer.","proposed":false},{"id":1106,"term":"Private Investment in Public Equity — PIPE","genz":"Private deal, public company—the original definition had that backwards.","plain":"A private sale of securities by a publicly traded company.","technical":"A financing transaction placing public-company equity or equity-linked securities with selected investors. SEC-hosted overview","proposed":false},{"id":1107,"term":"Private Key","genz":"The secret that authorises your signatures. Never hand it to “support.”","plain":"Confidential cryptographic information used to prove control.","technical":"The secret component of an asymmetric key pair, used for signing or decryption depending on the scheme.","proposed":false},{"id":1108,"term":"Private Sale","genz":"An offering for selected buyers rather than the general public.","plain":"A sale conducted with a restricted group of participants.","technical":"A privately arranged allocation with negotiated eligibility, pricing, vesting and disclosure conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":1109,"term":"Probabilistic Nanopayment","genz":"Lots of tiny payment chances add up to a larger expected payment.","plain":"A payment method using randomly redeemable tickets.","technical":"Tickets carry expected value based on winning probability and payout, reducing settlement frequency while introducing payout variance.","proposed":false},{"id":1110,"term":"Procedural Programming Language","genz":"Organise the program as procedures that carry out steps.","plain":"A language supporting instruction sequences grouped into reusable routines.","technical":"An imperative programming style based on procedure calls and state changes; it can be compiled or interpreted.","proposed":false},{"id":1111,"term":"Production Version / Stable Release","genz":"Intended for real use—not guaranteed free of bugs.","plain":"A software version released for normal operational use.","technical":"A release designated suitable for production under the maintainer’s criteria; release-stage terminology is not universal.","proposed":false},{"id":1112,"term":"Profit and Loss — P&L","genz":"What you made or lost—check whether it’s realised and after fees.","plain":"The gain or loss associated with trading or investment activity.","technical":"A performance measure separating realised and unrealised components, with explicit treatment of costs and valuation methods.","proposed":false},{"id":1113,"term":"Profit and Loss Statement","genz":"The business’s earnings report—not its bank balance.","plain":"A statement showing revenue, expenses and resulting profit or loss.","technical":"An income statement for a reporting period, prepared under applicable accounting recognition rules.","proposed":false},{"id":1114,"term":"Programmability","genz":"The system can follow rules you express in code.","plain":"The ability to define behaviour through software instructions.","technical":"The capacity to implement configurable logic within an execution environment; programmability does not inherently improve security.","proposed":false},{"id":1115,"term":"Proof of Access — Arweave terminology","genz":"Show you can access earlier stored data as part of earning block rights.","plain":"A mechanism linking mining to access to historical data.","technical":"An Arweave-associated storage-access requirement within its mining design; exact mechanisms evolve by protocol version.","proposed":false},{"id":1116,"term":"Proof of Authority — PoA","genz":"Approved validators run consensus using recognised identities.","plain":"A consensus approach relying on authorised participants.","technical":"A permissioned validator model whose security depends on validator selection, governance and the underlying agreement protocol.","proposed":false},{"id":1117,"term":"Proof of Burn — PoB","genz":"Destroy tokens to establish a protocol-defined economic commitment.","plain":"A mechanism using provably burned assets to allocate rights or weight.","technical":"Irrecoverable asset destruction substitutes for another scarce-resource commitment; not every token burn is a consensus mechanism.","proposed":false},{"id":1118,"term":"Proof of Capacity — PoC","genz":"Storage space becomes part of the block-production competition.","plain":"A mechanism using allocated disk capacity as a resource commitment.","technical":"Participants store prepared data and prove capacity-related work under protocol-specific challenge and selection rules.","proposed":false},{"id":1119,"term":"Proof of Contribution — PoC / PoCo","genz":"Reward or select participants based on measured contribution—but inspect the scoring rules.","plain":"A label for systems evaluating participants’ contributions.","technical":"A non-standard family of mechanisms; contribution metrics and security properties must be defined for each protocol.","proposed":false},{"id":1120,"term":"Proof of Coverage — PoC","genz":"Evidence that wireless infrastructure is providing the claimed coverage.","plain":"Helium mechanisms used to assess wireless-network participation.","technical":"Coverage verification and reward accounting, not a replacement for the underlying Solana ledger’s consensus. Helium documentation","proposed":false},{"id":1121,"term":"Proof of Goods and Services Delivered — historical terminology","genz":"A digital delivery claim still needs a trustworthy link to the real world.","plain":"A label for evidence associated with payment or service completion.","technical":"A source-specific payment-verification concept; cryptographic records alone cannot prove that physical goods were actually delivered.","proposed":false},{"id":1122,"term":"Proof of History — PoH","genz":"A cryptographic sequence helping establish event order—not consensus by itself.","plain":"Solana’s mechanism for recording verifiable ordering and passage of computational time.","technical":"A sequential hash-based clock used alongside consensus mechanisms to coordinate ledger processing. Solana explanation","proposed":false},{"id":1123,"term":"Proof of Importance — PoI","genz":"NEM weights participation using more than just a simple balance check.","plain":"A NEM mechanism assigning importance to eligible accounts.","technical":"A harvesting-selection approach combining vested holdings and activity-related factors under protocol-defined scoring.","proposed":false},{"id":1124,"term":"Proof of Replication — PoRep","genz":"Prove you created a distinct stored copy—not just claim you did.","plain":"A cryptographic method demonstrating replication of data.","technical":"Filecoin storage proofs binding encoded data replicas to a provider and storage commitment; not the entire consensus protocol.","proposed":false},{"id":1125,"term":"Proof of Service — Holo-related terminology","genz":"Evidence of hosting work, not a global blockchain voting mechanism.","plain":"A concept connecting delivered services with accounting or payment.","technical":"Service-evidence terminology should be separated from Holochain’s agent-centric validation, which does not use universal blockchain consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":1126,"term":"Proof of Service — PoSe, Dash","genz":"Masternodes need to do the job, not merely appear on the list.","plain":"Checks assessing whether Dash masternodes provide required services.","technical":"A protocol mechanism monitoring service compliance and applying eligibility consequences; it is not Dash’s mining algorithm.","proposed":false},{"id":1127,"term":"Proof of Spacetime — PoSt","genz":"Keep proving you stored the data over time.","plain":"A method demonstrating continued storage of committed data.","technical":"Filecoin proofs checking storage commitments across time, including WindowPoSt and WinningPoSt roles.","proposed":false},{"id":1128,"term":"Proof of Stake — PoS","genz":"Put assets at stake to participate in securing the chain.","plain":"A blockchain-security approach using economic stake rather than mining work.","technical":"A family of validator-selection and consensus designs using bonded stake; slashing, finality and governance differ by protocol.","proposed":false},{"id":1129,"term":"Proof of Storage","genz":"Show evidence you’re storing the data instead of sending an empty promise.","plain":"Cryptographic techniques demonstrating data storage or possession.","technical":"A family of challenge-response and commitment proofs; storage proofs are not automatically standalone consensus algorithms.","proposed":false},{"id":1130,"term":"Proof of Validation — PoV, ambiguous term","genz":"Sounds official, but ask which protocol’s definition is being used.","plain":"A name used for particular validation or consensus designs.","technical":"A non-universal label; stake weighting, validator duties and security assumptions require a concrete specification.","proposed":false},{"id":1131,"term":"Proof of Work — PoW","genz":"Make block production costly to perform and straightforward to check.","plain":"A mechanism requiring computational work to support blockchain agreement.","technical":"Verifiable resource expenditure combined with validation and chain-selection rules; security depends on adversarial work share and network assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1132,"term":"Prospectus","genz":"The offering document with the risks—not just the sales pitch.","plain":"A formal document describing an investment being offered.","technical":"A disclosure document covering terms, issuer information and material risks under applicable securities requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":1133,"term":"Protocol Buffers — Protobuf","genz":"Structured messages packed into a compact machine-friendly format.","plain":"A system for defining and serialising structured data.","technical":"A schema-based serialisation format with generated bindings across languages; compatibility depends on schema evolution practices.","proposed":false},{"id":1134,"term":"Protocol","genz":"The shared rules that stop every participant improvising.","plain":"Agreed rules governing how systems interact.","technical":"A specification of message formats, behaviours and state transitions; implementations can differ while following the same protocol.","proposed":false},{"id":1135,"term":"Protocol Layer","genz":"A particular level in the system’s stack of rules and services.","plain":"A layer responsible for defined communication or blockchain functions.","technical":"An architectural abstraction whose scope depends on the model; execution, networking and consensus are distinguishable responsibilities.","proposed":false},{"id":1136,"term":"Provenance","genz":"The recorded backstory: where it came from and who handled it.","plain":"Information about an asset’s origin and history.","technical":"A lineage record of creation, custody or transformation; tamper resistance does not guarantee truthful original inputs.","proposed":false},{"id":1137,"term":"Pseudonymity","genz":"You use an alias—but your activity can still connect the dots.","plain":"Acting under an identifier rather than a directly displayed real identity.","technical":"Persistent or temporary pseudonymous identifiers can remain linkable and may be associated with real-world identities.","proposed":false},{"id":1138,"term":"Public Address","genz":"The destination label you share—not your secret spending key.","plain":"An identifier used to receive assets or reference an account.","technical":"A network-specific destination representation, potentially derived from keys or scripts; it is not always a shortened public key.","proposed":false},{"id":1139,"term":"Public Blockchain","genz":"A ledger open to public participation or inspection, depending on its design.","plain":"A blockchain whose records or network access are publicly available.","technical":"Public visibility and permissionless validation are separate properties; decentralisation and censorship resistance must be assessed independently.","proposed":false},{"id":1140,"term":"Public Key","genz":"The shareable cryptographic counterpart—not the secret that signs.","plain":"A key others can use to verify signatures or encrypt information.","technical":"The public component of an asymmetric key pair; its role depends on the cryptographic scheme and differs from an address.","proposed":false},{"id":1141,"term":"Public Ledger","genz":"A record book people can inspect—not automatically a decentralised one.","plain":"A ledger whose recorded information is publicly accessible.","technical":"A publicly readable transaction or state record; access, validation and governance arrangements are separate properties.","proposed":false},{"id":1142,"term":"Public Representative — P-Rep, ICON","genz":"An elected network representative with actual blockchain responsibilities.","plain":"A participant supporting ICON’s operation and governance.","technical":"An ICON validator or representative role with protocol-defined block-production, voting and operational duties.","proposed":false},{"id":1143,"term":"Public Sale","genz":"The wider audience gets a chance to buy—subject to the rules.","plain":"An offering made available to a broader group of participants.","technical":"A distribution event with defined eligibility and allocation terms; it need not be an ICO or final funding round.","proposed":false},{"id":1144,"term":"Public-Key Cryptography — PKC","genz":"Share one key, protect the other.","plain":"Cryptography using related public and private keys.","technical":"Asymmetric schemes supporting functions such as encryption, signatures or key agreement; capabilities depend on the construction.","proposed":false},{"id":1145,"term":"Public-Key Infrastructure — PKI","genz":"The trust system connecting a public key to whoever claims to own it.","plain":"Infrastructure for issuing and verifying digital certificates.","technical":"Policies, authorities and mechanisms managing identity-to-key bindings, certificate lifecycles and revocation.","proposed":false},{"id":1146,"term":"Pump and Dump","genz":"Hype the asset, attract buyers, then dump on them.","plain":"Manipulation that inflates an asset’s price before insiders sell.","technical":"Coordinated promotion or trading intended to create misleading demand and facilitate advantageous exits.","proposed":false},{"id":1147,"term":"Pure Proof of Stake — PPoS","genz":"Algorand selects participants using stake and cryptographic randomness.","plain":"Algorand’s approach to proof-of-stake agreement.","technical":"A Byzantine-agreement design using stake-weighted cryptographic selection for proposal and committee participation.","proposed":false},{"id":1148,"term":"Put Option","genz":"Buy the right to sell at an agreed price.","plain":"A contract granting its holder a selling right under specified terms.","technical":"An option allowing sale or equivalent settlement at a strike price, subject to expiry and exercise conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":1149,"term":"Qtum","genz":"Bitcoin-style transaction accounting meets smart-contract execution.","plain":"A blockchain combining a UTXO model with programmable applications.","technical":"A proof-of-stake network integrating smart-contract execution with Bitcoin-derived transaction architecture.","proposed":false},{"id":1150,"term":"Qualitative Analysis","genz":"Look beyond the spreadsheet at what the business is actually like.","plain":"Analysis of characteristics that are not primarily numerical.","technical":"Structured evaluation of factors such as governance, management, competitive position and operational quality.","proposed":false},{"id":1151,"term":"Quantitative Analysis","genz":"Put the numbers to work—but check the assumptions.","plain":"Analysis using mathematical and statistical methods.","technical":"Model-based measurement and inference from numerical data, subject to estimation error and model risk.","proposed":false},{"id":1152,"term":"Quantum Bit — Qubit","genz":"A quantum information unit—not a magic storage box containing every answer.","plain":"The basic unit of quantum information.","technical":"A two-level quantum system represented by a normalised state, with measurement outcomes governed by probability amplitudes.","proposed":false},{"id":1153,"term":"Quantum Computing","genz":"Computing with quantum effects, not simply a faster normal laptop.","plain":"Computation using properties such as superposition and entanglement.","technical":"Information processing through quantum states and operations; advantages apply to particular algorithms, not every task.","proposed":false},{"id":1154,"term":"Quasar Smart Contract — historical","genz":"A proposed shortcut around slow Plasma withdrawals.","plain":"An OMG/Enya-associated design for faster exits using liquidity.","technical":"A historical liquidity-assisted withdrawal mechanism intended to advance funds before underlying exit settlement completes.","proposed":false},{"id":1155,"term":"Query","genz":"Ask the system a specific question about its data.","plain":"A request to retrieve or process information.","technical":"An expression submitted to a data system for selection, aggregation, transformation or modification, depending on the interface.","proposed":false},{"id":1156,"term":"Quick Response Code — QR Code","genz":"Scan the square, inspect the destination, then decide.","plain":"A two-dimensional barcode encoding information.","technical":"A machine-readable matrix with error correction; encoded links or payment instructions are not inherently trustworthy.","proposed":false},{"id":1157,"term":"Quorum","genz":"Enough eligible participation for a decision to count.","plain":"The minimum participation required to conduct valid business.","technical":"A threshold measured by members, votes or voting weight; it does not itself determine the approval threshold.","proposed":false},{"id":1158,"term":"Quorum — enterprise blockchain","genz":"Ethereum-related technology adapted for permissioned business networks.","plain":"Enterprise blockchain technology originally associated with JPMorgan.","technical":"A family of permissioned Ethereum implementations and tooling; privacy and consensus features depend on the selected stack.","proposed":false},{"id":1159,"term":"Race Attack","genz":"Two conflicting payments race, and the recipient trusts the wrong one too early.","plain":"A double-spending attempt against an unconfirmed payment.","technical":"An attack exploiting acceptance before confirmation while competing transactions seek inclusion in the selected chain.","proposed":false},{"id":1160,"term":"Radio-Frequency Identification — RFID","genz":"Tags that identify objects through radio signals.","plain":"Technology for reading identifiers from nearby electronic tags.","technical":"A reader–tag communication system using radio frequencies; passive and powered tag designs differ.","proposed":false},{"id":1161,"term":"Random Beacon — Keep Network context","genz":"Public randomness that participants should struggle to rig.","plain":"A service producing verifiable random values.","technical":"A threshold-cryptography-based randomness mechanism whose unpredictability and bias resistance depend on protocol assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1162,"term":"Random-Access Memory — RAM","genz":"Your computer’s working desk, not its long-term filing cabinet.","plain":"Memory used for actively running programs and data.","technical":"Directly addressable working memory, typically volatile in mainstream systems and distinct from persistent storage.","proposed":false},{"id":1163,"term":"Range — Technical Analysis","genz":"The price area where trading has been bouncing around.","plain":"A span between observed price boundaries.","technical":"A high–low interval or identified support–resistance region over a specified period.","proposed":false},{"id":1164,"term":"Range-Bound","genz":"Price keeps bouncing inside a zone—until it doesn’t.","plain":"Trading mostly within an identifiable price range.","technical":"A market condition lacking sustained movement beyond defined boundaries; those boundaries are not guaranteed barriers.","proposed":false},{"id":1165,"term":"Ransomware","genz":"Malware turns access or privacy into an extortion demand.","plain":"Malicious software demanding payment after disrupting access or threatening disclosure.","technical":"An extortion mechanism using encryption, system locking, data theft or combinations of these methods.","proposed":false},{"id":1166,"term":"Ransomware as a Service — RaaS","genz":"Criminal operators supply the ransomware toolkit to other criminals.","plain":"A business model distributing ransomware capabilities to affiliates.","technical":"An illicit service ecosystem separating malware development, infrastructure and intrusion operations.","proposed":false},{"id":1167,"term":"RaptorQ","genz":"Add enough recovery pieces so missing data doesn’t ruin the download.","plain":"An encoding method helping recover data despite missing packets.","technical":"A fountain-code-based erasure-coding scheme; recovery redundancy does not provide encryption or authenticity.","proposed":false},{"id":1168,"term":"Rarible","genz":"NFT marketplace infrastructure—not a stamp proving every collectible is genuine.","plain":"A platform associated with creating and trading NFTs.","technical":"NFT marketplace and protocol tooling with features varying across deployments and supported networks.","proposed":false},{"id":1169,"term":"Ravencoin","genz":"A blockchain built around issuing and transferring assets.","plain":"A proof-of-work network supporting user-created tokens.","technical":"A Bitcoin-code-derived blockchain with native asset-issuance functionality and RVN as its native currency.","proposed":false},{"id":1170,"term":"Real Estate Investment Trust — REIT","genz":"Property exposure without personally managing every leaking tap.","plain":"A company or vehicle owning or financing income-producing property.","technical":"A jurisdiction-defined real-estate investment structure with qualification and distribution requirements; not all REITs are exchange-listed.","proposed":false},{"id":1171,"term":"Real-Time Strategy — RTS","genz":"Build, command and react while everyone else is moving too.","plain":"A game genre involving real-time resource and unit management.","technical":"Strategic gameplay without alternating turns; RTS and MOBA are related but distinct genres.","proposed":false},{"id":1172,"term":"Rebase Currency","genz":"Your token count can change without you making a trade.","plain":"A token whose supply or account balances adjust under programmed rules.","technical":"An elastic-supply mechanism, sometimes price-targeted; balance increases do not necessarily increase economic value.","proposed":false},{"id":1173,"term":"Recall Block — Arweave, historical terminology","genz":"An earlier block miners must be able to reference.","plain":"Historical data selected for a storage-access requirement.","technical":"An earlier-block reference in Arweave’s original access-proof design; implementation details depend on protocol version.","proposed":false},{"id":1174,"term":"Recapitalisation","genz":"Rework the company’s funding mix to change its financial position.","plain":"Restructuring a company’s debt, equity or other capital.","technical":"A capital-structure transaction that may involve new financing, debt conversion, repayment or equity issuance.","proposed":false},{"id":1175,"term":"Receipt Paradigm — historical proposal","genz":"A proposed way for shards to share evidence of completed work.","plain":"An older Ethereum concept for communicating transaction results across shards.","technical":"Historical cross-shard receipt messaging, not a description of Ethereum’s present rollup-centred architecture.","proposed":false},{"id":1176,"term":"Reciprocally Analogous Virtual Machine — non-standard term","genz":"Sounds technical; the actual compatibility needs explaining.","plain":"The source uses this phrase for virtual machines able to interact.","technical":"Not a recognised general VM classification; specify instruction compatibility, interfaces and interoperability guarantees instead.","proposed":false},{"id":1177,"term":"Recovery Phrase","genz":"Your wallet-recovery secret—not something any support agent needs.","plain":"A sequence of words used to restore compatible wallet keys.","technical":"A mnemonic encoding recovery material; derivation standards and optional passphrases affect which accounts are recovered.","proposed":false},{"id":1178,"term":"Recovery Share","genz":"One piece of a recovery secret that needs other pieces to work.","plain":"A fragment used in a threshold-based recovery arrangement.","technical":"A secret-sharing output requiring a defined number of compatible shares for reconstruction.","proposed":false},{"id":1179,"term":"Recurring Buy","genz":"Put purchases on a schedule, not on every emotional chart refresh.","plain":"Automatically buying an asset at repeated intervals.","technical":"A scheduled execution arrangement with specified amount and frequency; it does not ensure profit or favourable execution.","proposed":false},{"id":1180,"term":"Redundancy","genz":"Have spare copies or capacity when something breaks.","plain":"Duplication designed to improve reliability or recoverability.","technical":"Additional components or encoded data supporting fault tolerance; correlated failures can defeat poorly designed redundancy.","proposed":false},{"id":1181,"term":"Registered Investment Adviser — RIA","genz":"Registered to provide investment advice—not government-certified to pick winners.","plain":"An investment adviser registered with the relevant US authority.","technical":"Registration may be with the SEC or state authorities, depending on applicable rules—not automatically both. SEC","proposed":false},{"id":1182,"term":"Regulation T — Reg T","genz":"US rules governing certain broker-provided investment credit.","plain":"Federal Reserve rules affecting credit extended by securities brokers and dealers.","technical":"A framework covering specified credit, margin and payment requirements; it is not the complete set of margin rules. Federal Reserve","proposed":false},{"id":1183,"term":"Regulatory Compliance","genz":"Follow the rules that actually apply—not just add a compliance badge.","plain":"Meeting relevant legal and regulatory obligations.","technical":"Controls and processes addressing applicable requirements, supported by monitoring, documentation and remediation.","proposed":false},{"id":1184,"term":"Rehypothecation","genz":"Your pledged collateral gets pledged again.","plain":"Reusing collateral received from a client or counterparty.","technical":"An intermediary’s reuse of pledged assets under contractual and legal permissions, creating additional counterparty and recovery risks.","proposed":false},{"id":1185,"term":"REKT","genz":"The trade went badly. Very badly.","plain":"Crypto slang for suffering a substantial financial loss.","technical":"An informal expression derived from “wrecked,” with no standard loss threshold.","proposed":false},{"id":1186,"term":"Relative Strength Index — RSI","genz":"A momentum gauge—not a guaranteed reversal detector.","plain":"An indicator comparing recent upward and downward price changes.","technical":"A bounded oscillator typically scaled from 0 to 100 using smoothed gains and losses.","proposed":false},{"id":1187,"term":"Relay Node — Algorand context","genz":"Helps network messages reach the right places quickly.","plain":"A node supporting communication between other participants.","technical":"A relay-focused networking role distinct from proposing or voting in consensus.","proposed":false},{"id":1188,"term":"Relayer — 0x, historical architecture","genz":"Helps people find orders without necessarily holding their funds.","plain":"A service distributing off-chain trading orders.","technical":"A 0x-associated order-discovery role; execution, fees and responsibilities differ across protocol versions.","proposed":false},{"id":1189,"term":"Release to Manufacturing — RTM","genz":"The build approved for distribution—not a claim that updates are over.","plain":"A software version designated ready for delivery or manufacturing.","technical":"A release milestone whose relationship to general availability depends on the vendor’s development process.","proposed":false},{"id":1190,"term":"Remittance","genz":"Send money to someone elsewhere, often family abroad.","plain":"A transfer of money, commonly across borders between individuals.","technical":"A payment flow whose total cost includes fees, foreign-exchange spreads and recipient-side charges.","proposed":false},{"id":1191,"term":"Remittance Network","genz":"The infrastructure helping money get from here to there.","plain":"A service network facilitating money transfers.","technical":"A combination of payment channels, agents, settlement arrangements and compliance processes.","proposed":false},{"id":1192,"term":"Remix","genz":"A smart-contract coding workbench, often right in your browser.","plain":"A development environment used for Ethereum-compatible smart contracts.","technical":"Tooling for editing, compiling, deploying and debugging contracts, commonly written in Solidity.","proposed":false},{"id":1193,"term":"Remote File Inclusion — RFI","genz":"An app loads outside code it should never have trusted.","plain":"A vulnerability allowing an application to include an attacker-controlled remote file.","technical":"Unsafe external-resource inclusion that can enable code execution or other compromise, depending on the runtime.","proposed":false},{"id":1194,"term":"Remote Procedure Call — RPC","genz":"Ask another system to perform a function as if you called it locally.","plain":"A method for requesting an operation on another process or computer.","technical":"A request-response abstraction involving serialised parameters, transport and remote execution semantics.","proposed":false},{"id":1195,"term":"Ren — REN, historical","genz":"A cross-chain project whose original design used distributed custody machinery.","plain":"A protocol historically enabling representations of assets across blockchains.","technical":"A bridging architecture associated with RenVM and multiparty computation; historical design does not establish present availability.","proposed":false},{"id":1196,"term":"Repair Miners — Filecoin, historical proposal","genz":"Proposed storage repair workers for when copies disappear.","plain":"A suggested role for restoring missing or damaged storage redundancy.","technical":"A historical repair-service concept, not a role whose deployment should be assumed from the old glossary.","proposed":false},{"id":1197,"term":"Replace by Fee — RBF","genz":"Replace a pending transaction under the node’s rules, usually with a stronger fee.","plain":"A method for replacing an unconfirmed Bitcoin transaction.","technical":"A mempool policy mechanism with replacement conditions; it does not reverse a confirmed payment.","proposed":false},{"id":1198,"term":"Reporting","genz":"Turn activity and numbers into an explanation people can inspect.","plain":"Organising information into structured updates or statements.","technical":"A process producing dated, scoped outputs from underlying records, with defined metrics and methodology.","proposed":false},{"id":1199,"term":"Request for Quote — RFQ","genz":"Ask a provider, “What price can you actually offer for this size?”","plain":"A request for proposed transaction terms.","technical":"A quote-solicitation mechanism specifying instrument, quantity and other conditions before execution.","proposed":false},{"id":1200,"term":"Research and Development — R&D","genz":"Investigate ideas, test them and build improvements.","plain":"Work intended to create or improve products, processes or knowledge.","technical":"Systematic investigative and development activity; it can continue throughout a product’s lifecycle.","proposed":false},{"id":1201,"term":"Reserve — RSV, historical token context","genz":"An earlier stablecoin from the Reserve ecosystem.","plain":"A token designed to maintain a stable reference value.","technical":"A historical Reserve stablecoin design; distinguish RSV from later collateralised RToken structures.","proposed":false},{"id":1202,"term":"Reserve Rights — RSR","genz":"Reserve’s separate risk-bearing token—not the stablecoin itself.","plain":"A token associated with Reserve protocol governance and economic mechanisms.","technical":"An asset used in protocol-defined governance and staking arrangements, whose risks differ from collateralised stable assets.","proposed":false},{"id":1203,"term":"Resharding","genz":"Reorganise the partitions when the workload changes.","plain":"Changing how data or processing is divided into shards.","technical":"Repartitioning state or workload, requiring migration and coordination to preserve consistency.","proposed":false},{"id":1204,"term":"Retail Investor","genz":"Investing on your own account rather than as an institution.","plain":"An individual investing personal funds.","technical":"A participant category distinct from institutional or professional classifications; legal definitions vary.","proposed":false},{"id":1205,"term":"Retrieval Miner — Filecoin terminology","genz":"Gets stored data back to the person requesting it.","plain":"A provider serving files from decentralised storage.","technical":"A retrieval-service role supplying data and bandwidth; “retrieval provider” avoids confusion with block mining.","proposed":false},{"id":1206,"term":"Return on Assets — ROA","genz":"How much profit the business generates from its asset base.","plain":"Profit compared with the assets used to produce it.","technical":"Commonly net income divided by average total assets; alternative definitions require explicit disclosure.","proposed":false},{"id":1207,"term":"Return on Equity — ROE","genz":"Profit measured against shareholders’ capital.","plain":"A measure of earnings relative to shareholder equity.","technical":"Commonly net income divided by average shareholders’ equity; leverage and negative equity complicate interpretation.","proposed":false},{"id":1208,"term":"Return on Investment — ROI","genz":"What you got back compared with what you put in.","plain":"An investment’s net gain relative to its cost.","technical":"Typically (proceeds + income − total cost) ÷ total cost; ordinary ROI does not account for timing.","proposed":false},{"id":1209,"term":"Rari Governance Token — RGT, historical","genz":"Rari’s governance token—not Rarible’s similarly named token.","plain":"A token associated with governance of Rari Capital.","technical":"A historical governance asset linked to protocol decisions; the source incorrectly assigns it to Rarible. SEC filing","proposed":false},{"id":1210,"term":"Ride — Waves","genz":"A language for writing Waves’ programmable rules.","plain":"A programming language used for Waves smart contracts.","technical":"A domain-specific language designed around deterministic blockchain scripting and application execution.","proposed":false},{"id":1211,"term":"Ring Miner — Loopring, historical","genz":"Finds a loop of orders that can trade together.","plain":"A participant matching orders in Loopring’s earlier architecture.","technical":"An order-ring construction and submission role, distinct from proof-of-work mining.","proposed":false},{"id":1212,"term":"Ring Signature","genz":"Prove someone in the group signed, without saying which member.","plain":"A signature that conceals its signer within a group.","technical":"A cryptographic scheme authenticating a message against a public-key set while providing signer ambiguity.","proposed":false},{"id":1213,"term":"Ring Confidential Transactions — RingCT","genz":"Hide transaction amounts while still proving the accounting works.","plain":"Monero technology for concealing transferred amounts.","technical":"A construction combining commitments, range proofs and ring-related mechanisms to support confidential transaction validation.","proposed":false},{"id":1214,"term":"Rinkeby — retired Ethereum testnet","genz":"An old Ethereum testing network, not today’s default practice ground.","plain":"A former proof-of-authority Ethereum test network.","technical":"Rinkeby was deprecated and should be treated as historical infrastructure. Ethereum Foundation","proposed":false},{"id":1215,"term":"Ripple Gateway — XRP Ledger terminology","genz":"A bridge between outside assets and ledger-issued claims.","plain":"A business issuing redeemable balances on the XRP Ledger.","technical":"An issuer connecting off-ledger custody with on-ledger obligations; users retain issuer and redemption risk.","proposed":false},{"id":1216,"term":"Risk Curve","genz":"A picture of the risk-versus-return trade-off—not a guaranteed reward menu.","plain":"A graph relating investment risk to expected outcomes.","technical":"A model-dependent relationship between defined risk and return measures; greater risk need not deliver greater realised returns.","proposed":false},{"id":1217,"term":"Risk Management System — RMS","genz":"Watch the exposure before the loss becomes the dashboard headline.","plain":"Software and controls for monitoring financial risks.","technical":"Infrastructure calculating exposures, limits and scenarios; risk measurement does not guarantee profitability.","proposed":false},{"id":1218,"term":"Roadmap","genz":"The project’s intended route—not proof it already arrived.","plain":"A plan showing development goals and expected sequencing.","technical":"A forward-looking delivery framework with milestones, dependencies and estimates subject to revision.","proposed":false},{"id":1219,"term":"Rococo — retired Polkadot testnet","genz":"A former parachain testing network—not Kusama’s main chain.","plain":"A test network used in the Polkadot ecosystem.","technical":"Rococo was a separate testnet and was deprecated in October 2024. Polkadot documentation","proposed":false},{"id":1220,"term":"Rollup","genz":"Process lots of transactions elsewhere, then anchor the result to the base chain.","plain":"A blockchain-scaling system batching transactions for base-layer settlement.","technical":"Off-chain execution combined with base-layer data availability and validity- or fault-proof-based state verification.","proposed":false},{"id":1221,"term":"Ronin — historical sidechain context","genz":"Gaming-focused blockchain infrastructure associated with Axie Infinity.","plain":"A network developed by Sky Mavis for blockchain applications and games.","technical":"Historically an Ethereum-linked sidechain; security and bridge properties depend on the applicable architecture.","proposed":false},{"id":1222,"term":"Rootkit","genz":"Malware tools trying to stay hidden while retaining powerful access.","plain":"Software concealing unauthorised activity or privileged access.","technical":"A stealth mechanism potentially operating in user space, kernels, boot components or firmware; not necessarily a trojan itself.","proposed":false},{"id":1223,"term":"Roth IRA","genz":"A US retirement account with specific tax benefits and conditions.","plain":"A retirement account generally funded with after-tax contributions.","technical":"A US account structure offering tax-free qualified distributions, subject to eligibility and distribution rules.","proposed":false},{"id":1224,"term":"Rough Consensus","genz":"Broad agreement after objections are addressed—not necessarily everyone saying yes.","plain":"A decision process based on substantial community agreement.","technical":"An informal consensus method evaluating objections and technical merit rather than relying solely on numerical voting.","proposed":false},{"id":1225,"term":"RSA","genz":"A classic public-key system—secure use requires more than the basic maths.","plain":"A cryptographic family used for encryption and digital signatures.","technical":"An asymmetric construction based on modular arithmetic; secure implementations require appropriate padding, parameters and side-channel protection.","proposed":false},{"id":1226,"term":"Ruby","genz":"A programming language built with developer-friendly expression in mind.","plain":"A general-purpose language often used for web applications.","technical":"A dynamically typed, object-oriented language supporting multiple programming styles and managed execution.","proposed":false},{"id":1227,"term":"Rug Pull","genz":"The people controlling the project yank away the value or liquidity.","plain":"A scam involving the withdrawal or theft of project-related funds.","technical":"An exploitative exit using privileged control, liquidity removal or malicious mechanics; a price decline alone is not proof.","proposed":false},{"id":1228,"term":"Runtime","genz":"When the program runs—or the environment helping it run.","plain":"A program’s execution period or supporting execution software.","technical":"Context may mean elapsed execution, runtime libraries, virtual-machine services or a blockchain’s state-transition logic.","proposed":false},{"id":1229,"term":"Russell 3000 Index","genz":"A broad US equity-market scoreboard.","plain":"An index representing a large portion of the US stock market.","technical":"A rules-based, capitalisation-weighted US equity benchmark; membership follows methodology rather than a permanently fixed list.","proposed":false},{"id":1230,"term":"Rust","genz":"Systems programming with strong guardrails around memory mistakes.","plain":"A language emphasising performance and memory safety.","technical":"A compiled language using ownership and borrowing checks; unsafe code and logic errors still require careful review.","proposed":false},{"id":1231,"term":"Ravencoin — RVN","genz":"Ravencoin’s native coin, separate from assets created on its network.","plain":"The cryptocurrency used by the Ravencoin blockchain.","technical":"A native asset supporting transaction fees, mining rewards and protocol-defined asset-issuance costs.","proposed":false},{"id":1232,"term":"Ryuk Ransomware","genz":"A ransomware family known for serious operational disruption.","plain":"Malware used to encrypt victims’ data and demand payment.","technical":"A ransomware family associated with targeted enterprise compromises, distinct from the broader category of ransomware.","proposed":false},{"id":1233,"term":"S&P 500","genz":"A major US large-company scoreboard—not simply the 500 biggest names.","plain":"An index tracking a selected group of large US companies.","technical":"A float-adjusted market-capitalisation-weighted benchmark with eligibility and committee-selection criteria.","proposed":false},{"id":1234,"term":"S&P Global Ratings","genz":"Credit-risk opinions—not guarantees that borrowers will repay.","plain":"A company assessing the creditworthiness of issuers and debt.","technical":"A credit-rating agency producing assessments under published methodologies, subject to limitations and potential conflicts.","proposed":false},{"id":1235,"term":"Safety Module — Aave, historical design","genz":"Staked assets act as a backstop, and stakers accept loss risk.","plain":"A mechanism intended to help cover certain protocol shortfalls.","technical":"A risk-backstop design involving slashable capital; coverage, eligible assets and mechanics are version-dependent.","proposed":false},{"id":1236,"term":"Sandbox — Security","genz":"Run suspicious or untrusted code inside a restricted playpen.","plain":"An isolated environment limiting a program’s access.","technical":"A containment mechanism enforcing resource and permission boundaries; implementation flaws can permit escape.","proposed":false},{"id":1237,"term":"Satellite — Storj","genz":"Coordinates storage jobs and checks the nodes doing them.","plain":"A service managing parts of Storj’s storage network.","technical":"A coordination component handling functions such as metadata, audits, repair and accounting.","proposed":false},{"id":1238,"term":"Satoshi Nakamoto","genz":"Bitcoin’s pseudonymous creator—not an identity anyone has conclusively proved.","plain":"The name used by Bitcoin’s original author or authors.","technical":"The pseudonym associated with Bitcoin’s white paper, initial software and early development communications.","proposed":false},{"id":1239,"term":"Satoshi — Sat","genz":"A tiny piece of bitcoin.","plain":"One hundred-millionth of a bitcoin.","technical":"1 sat = 10⁻⁸ BTC; Bitcoin’s base-layer amounts are represented in integer satoshis.","proposed":false},{"id":1240,"term":"Scalability","genz":"Can the system handle more demand without falling apart?","plain":"The ability to support growing workloads effectively.","technical":"Capacity growth under resource, cost and performance constraints; throughput, latency and security should be assessed separately.","proposed":false},{"id":1241,"term":"Scaling Solution","genz":"A way to handle more work—not always another blockchain layer.","plain":"A method for increasing usable system capacity.","technical":"An architectural or operational improvement spanning execution, storage, networking or settlement, with explicit trade-offs.","proposed":false},{"id":1242,"term":"Scalper","genz":"Chases lots of small price moves over very short periods.","plain":"A trader entering and exiting positions rapidly.","technical":"A short-horizon strategy sensitive to spreads, execution quality, fees and adverse price movements.","proposed":false},{"id":1243,"term":"Scareware","genz":"“Your device is infected!”—says the thing trying to scam you.","plain":"Software or messages using fear to provoke purchases or unsafe actions.","technical":"A social-engineering technique involving deceptive security claims, sometimes delivering unwanted software or malware.","proposed":false},{"id":1244,"term":"Schelling Point","genz":"The answer people gravitate towards without first coordinating.","plain":"A naturally prominent choice helping people coordinate.","technical":"A focal solution selected through shared expectations or salient context rather than explicit communication.","proposed":false},{"id":1245,"term":"Schnorr-Signed ElGamal Encryption — construction-specific","genz":"Encryption and signing combined—but they do different jobs.","plain":"A description of a system combining ElGamal encryption with Schnorr signatures.","technical":"Security depends on the precise composition; Schnorr signatures authenticate messages and do not themselves encrypt them.","proposed":false},{"id":1246,"term":"SCORE — ICON","genz":"ICON’s smart-contract framework—not JavaScript by default.","plain":"The framework used to develop ICON smart contracts.","technical":"“Smart Contract on Reliable Environment”; ICON’s Java execution environment uses Java, correcting the source’s JavaScript claim. ICON tutorial","proposed":false},{"id":1247,"term":"Screen-Locking Ransomware","genz":"Your screen becomes an extortion notice.","plain":"Ransomware preventing normal access to a device’s interface.","technical":"A locker variant restricting interactive use; file encryption is not required.","proposed":false},{"id":1248,"term":"Scripting Language","genz":"A language often used to automate and connect existing software.","plain":"A programming language commonly used for scripts and automation.","technical":"A usage-oriented classification; scripting languages may use interpretation, compilation or just-in-time execution.","proposed":false},{"id":1249,"term":"Scrypt","genz":"A memory-demanding cryptographic function—not encryption.","plain":"A function designed to make repeated computations costly in memory and processing.","technical":"A memory-hard password-based key-derivation function also adapted for proof-of-work, including Litecoin.","proposed":false},{"id":1250,"term":"Secondary Market","genz":"Investors trade existing assets with each other.","plain":"A market for securities or assets already issued.","technical":"Post-issuance trading through exchanges or bilateral venues, distinct from issuer fundraising in the primary market.","proposed":false},{"id":1251,"term":"Secret Sharing","genz":"Split the secret so one stolen piece is not enough.","plain":"Dividing secret information into shares requiring a defined combination for recovery.","technical":"A cryptographic distribution scheme with a specified access structure; operational compromise can still defeat it.","proposed":false},{"id":1252,"term":"Secure Hash Algorithm — SHA","genz":"A family of data-fingerprint functions—not all equally safe today.","plain":"Standardised cryptographic hash algorithms.","technical":"SHA families produce fixed-length digests; security properties differ, and SHA-1 has known collision weaknesses.","proposed":false},{"id":1253,"term":"Secure Multiparty Computation — SMPC","genz":"Work out a shared answer without everyone revealing their private inputs.","plain":"Joint computation designed to protect participants’ information.","technical":"Protocols computing a function over private inputs under specified adversary, leakage and collusion assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1254,"term":"Secure Proof of Stake — SPoS, Elrond terminology","genz":"A stake-based consensus design with its own validator-selection rules.","plain":"A proof-of-stake approach associated with Elrond’s architecture.","technical":"A consensus family integrating stake, selection and validator assessment; the name alone does not prove superior security.","proposed":false},{"id":1255,"term":"SSL / TLS Certificate","genz":"Helps authenticate the connection—not certify that the website is honest.","plain":"A digital certificate used when establishing secure connections.","technical":"A certificate binds an identity to a public key; modern TLS replaces obsolete SSL protocols.","proposed":false},{"id":1256,"term":"Securities and Exchange Commission — SEC","genz":"A US securities regulator—not the regulator for every financial product worldwide.","plain":"A federal agency overseeing US securities markets.","technical":"An authority enforcing securities laws and administering rules within its statutory jurisdiction.","proposed":false},{"id":1257,"term":"Securitisation","genz":"Package financial claims into securities investors can buy.","plain":"Turning pooled assets or cash flows into investment instruments.","technical":"A financing structure transferring or referencing asset cash flows, potentially divided into tranches with different priorities.","proposed":false},{"id":1258,"term":"Security — Financial Asset","genz":"A legally recognised investment instrument—not just anything tradeable.","plain":"An instrument such as a share or bond.","technical":"A jurisdiction-defined category; commodities and digital assets are not automatically securities merely because they trade.","proposed":false},{"id":1259,"term":"Network Security","genz":"Keep the network working and stop unauthorised access or tampering.","plain":"Measures protecting network systems and information.","technical":"Controls addressing confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication and accountability against defined threats.","proposed":false},{"id":1260,"term":"Security Token","genz":"A blockchain token representing a security—not necessarily company shares.","plain":"A token subject to securities rules or representing securities rights.","technical":"A digital representation of equity, debt or another qualifying investment interest, with enforceable rights defined separately.","proposed":false},{"id":1261,"term":"Security Token Offering — STO","genz":"Offer tokenised securities with securities-law obligations attached.","plain":"An offering involving security tokens.","technical":"A securities distribution using token infrastructure; it is not a legal halfway category between an ICO and IPO.","proposed":false},{"id":1262,"term":"Seed Funding","genz":"Early money to help a new venture test and build its idea.","plain":"Funding supporting a business’s initial development.","technical":"Early-stage financing through instruments such as equity, convertible arrangements or other negotiated claims.","proposed":false},{"id":1263,"term":"Seed Phrase","genz":"The recovery words that can unlock the whole wallet family.","plain":"A mnemonic used to restore compatible wallet keys.","technical":"Human-readable recovery material used in deterministic key derivation; word count and interpretation depend on the standard.","proposed":false},{"id":1264,"term":"Seeding","genz":"Keep sharing the file after you’ve downloaded it.","plain":"Providing downloaded content to other peer-to-peer users.","technical":"In BitTorrent, a seed has the complete torrent data and uploads pieces to other peers.","proposed":false},{"id":1265,"term":"Segregated Witness — SegWit","genz":"Bitcoin reorganised transaction data to improve capacity and fix certain quirks.","plain":"A Bitcoin upgrade changing how witness data is handled.","technical":"A soft fork introducing witness separation and block-weight accounting while addressing certain transaction-malleability issues.","proposed":false},{"id":1266,"term":"Self-Regulatory Organisation — SRO","genz":"An industry rule-maker that may still answer to public regulators.","plain":"An organisation setting and enforcing standards for its members.","technical":"A member-regulation framework that can operate under statutory recognition and external oversight.","proposed":false},{"id":1267,"term":"Self-Sovereign Identity — SSI","genz":"More control over your credentials—not the power to declare every claim true.","plain":"An identity approach emphasising user control and portability.","technical":"Holder-managed identifiers and credentials with issuer and verifier roles; trusted attestations may still be necessary.","proposed":false},{"id":1268,"term":"Sell Wall","genz":"A big stack of sell orders sitting above or around the market.","plain":"A substantial concentration of offered supply at a price level.","technical":"Visible order-book liquidity that may resist buying pressure, but can be executed, modified or cancelled.","proposed":false},{"id":1269,"term":"Sell-Off","genz":"A wave of selling pushes prices lower.","plain":"A period of substantial selling activity and declining prices.","technical":"A market episode characterised by selling pressure, often with increased volume and volatility.","proposed":false},{"id":1270,"term":"Semantic Web","genz":"Give web data meaning that machines can interpret.","plain":"Technologies connecting data through explicit descriptions and relationships.","technical":"Standards such as RDF and ontologies supporting machine-interpretable linked data; not synonymous with blockchain Web3.","proposed":false},{"id":1271,"term":"Semantics","genz":"What the code means, not just whether it looks grammatically valid.","plain":"The meaning or behaviour of programming constructs.","technical":"Formal or informal definitions of how expressions and programs evaluate or change state.","proposed":false},{"id":1272,"term":"Separate Account","genz":"Your portfolio managed separately from everyone else’s pooled fund.","plain":"An individually owned investment account managed under an agreement.","technical":"In asset management, a separately managed mandate; reporting frequency and customisation depend on the arrangement.","proposed":false},{"id":1273,"term":"Sequencer","genz":"Decides the transaction queue’s order in a rollup.","plain":"A component ordering transactions for processing.","technical":"A rollup role proposing transaction ordering or batches; it is distinct from proving correctness or establishing final settlement.","proposed":false},{"id":1274,"term":"Serenity — historical Ethereum roadmap name","genz":"An old roadmap label—not an upgrade still waiting to move Ethereum to staking.","plain":"A historical name for Ethereum’s proof-of-stake and scaling plans.","technical":"Ethereum completed its PoS transition through the Merge; subsequent scaling architecture diverged from early execution-shard plans.","proposed":false},{"id":1275,"term":"Series B Funding","genz":"A later growth round, not a fixed valuation badge.","plain":"A funding round generally following Series A.","technical":"A financing-stage label often associated with expansion; company valuation, maturity and round structure are not standardised.","proposed":false},{"id":1276,"term":"Service Chain","genz":"Send traffic through the required services in the right order.","plain":"A sequence of processing services applied to network traffic.","technical":"Service-function chaining can orchestrate components such as firewalls, inspection and load balancing.","proposed":false},{"id":1277,"term":"Service Layer","genz":"Shared capabilities sitting between applications and lower-level infrastructure.","plain":"A software layer providing reusable functions.","technical":"An architectural boundary exposing services while abstracting implementation details; its scope depends on the system.","proposed":false},{"id":1278,"term":"Settlement","genz":"Complete the transfer, not just agree the trade.","plain":"Fulfilling the payment and delivery obligations of a transaction.","technical":"The discharge of transaction obligations through transfers of funds or assets, with finality determined by the relevant system.","proposed":false},{"id":1279,"term":"Settlement Agent Node — historical Crypto.com terminology","genz":"A proposed intermediary role for completing asset exchanges.","plain":"A node described as supporting settlement between payment assets.","technical":"A historical architecture-specific role; it should not be assumed to describe current Cronos validation.","proposed":false},{"id":1280,"term":"Settlement Layer","genz":"The layer where the system ultimately resolves and records the outcome.","plain":"Infrastructure responsible for finalising transfers or state commitments.","technical":"A base settlement environment enforcing commitments and dispute outcomes under defined validity and finality rules.","proposed":false},{"id":1281,"term":"SHA-256","genz":"Turn data into a 256-bit fingerprint.","plain":"A cryptographic hash function used in Bitcoin and many other systems.","technical":"A SHA-2 family function producing a 256-bit digest; hashing is not reversible encryption.","proposed":false},{"id":1282,"term":"Shamir Secret Sharing — SSS","genz":"Any authorised number of pieces can recover the secret.","plain":"A mathematical method for splitting a secret into threshold shares.","technical":"Polynomial-based secret sharing where fewer than the threshold reveal no secret information under the scheme’s assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1283,"term":"Shard Chain","genz":"One partition doing part of a larger network’s work.","plain":"A chain handling a subset of system activity or state.","technical":"A partitioned execution or storage component with protocol-specific security and cross-shard coordination.","proposed":false},{"id":1284,"term":"Sharding","genz":"Split the workload instead of making every machine do everything.","plain":"Dividing data or processing across multiple partitions.","technical":"Horizontal partitioning intended to distribute resource demands, introducing coordination, availability and security trade-offs.","proposed":false},{"id":1285,"term":"Sharetip — historical platform","genz":"Tip online creators by linking the payment to their content.","plain":"A service designed to send cryptocurrency tips to content owners.","technical":"A historical Bitcoin Cash tipping application using content references and ownership verification.","proposed":false},{"id":1286,"term":"Sharing Economy","genz":"Access or exchange resources through a network—fairness is not automatic.","plain":"Arrangements enabling people to share or rent assets and services.","technical":"A broad economic category encompassing peer-mediated access, often facilitated by centralised platforms.","proposed":false},{"id":1287,"term":"Shelley — Cardano phase","genz":"Cardano’s move towards wider community-run block production.","plain":"A development phase focused on decentralisation and staking.","technical":"A roadmap era introducing broader stake-pool participation and associated delegation and reward mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":1288,"term":"ShibaSwap","genz":"A decentralised trading platform associated with the Shiba Inu ecosystem.","plain":"An exchange interface and contracts for cryptocurrency trading.","technical":"A DeFi application whose supported networks, pool designs and incentive mechanisms depend on the deployed version.","proposed":false},{"id":1289,"term":"Shielded Transaction","genz":"Hide selected transaction details while still proving the rules were followed.","plain":"A transaction using cryptography to protect specified information.","technical":"A privacy-preserving transaction format; protected fields and residual leakage depend on the protocol.","proposed":false},{"id":1290,"term":"Short Position","genz":"A position that can benefit when the asset falls.","plain":"Negative exposure to an asset’s price.","technical":"Exposure created through borrowing and selling or derivatives, with financing, margin and potentially substantial loss risk.","proposed":false},{"id":1291,"term":"Short Squeeze","genz":"Rising prices force shorts to buy back, adding more upward pressure.","plain":"A price rise intensified by short sellers closing positions.","technical":"A feedback process involving adverse price movement, margin pressure and position covering.","proposed":false},{"id":1292,"term":"Sidechain","genz":"A connected blockchain with its own security setup.","plain":"A separate chain linked to another blockchain.","technical":"An independently validated ledger connected through bridging arrangements; base-chain security is not automatically inherited.","proposed":false},{"id":1293,"term":"Cryptographic Signature","genz":"Prove the right key approved the message—not that its contents are true.","plain":"A mathematical method for checking authenticity and integrity.","technical":"A signature scheme verifies a message against a public key; key ownership and real-world identity require separate assurance.","proposed":false},{"id":1294,"term":"Signature-Based Security Detection","genz":"Spot known malware by matching familiar patterns.","plain":"Detecting threats using stored identifiers or patterns.","technical":"Pattern-based recognition of known malicious characteristics; these signatures are not necessarily cryptographic digital signatures.","proposed":false},{"id":1295,"term":"Silk Road — historical","genz":"An early darknet marketplace that became a major Bitcoin-era case.","plain":"An online black market shut down by US authorities in 2013.","technical":"A Tor-accessed marketplace using Bitcoin payments, historically associated with illegal commerce.","proposed":false},{"id":1296,"term":"SIM-Swap Attack","genz":"Someone hijacks your phone number—not necessarily your physical phone.","plain":"Fraud transferring a victim’s number to an attacker-controlled SIM or account.","technical":"A carrier-account compromise threatening SMS authentication and account recovery; it does not automatically copy all device data.","proposed":false},{"id":1297,"term":"Simple Ledger Protocol — SLP","genz":"A way to create tokens on Bitcoin Cash.","plain":"A token protocol using the Bitcoin Cash blockchain.","technical":"An application-level token scheme with its own validation rules, distinct from later token systems.","proposed":false},{"id":1298,"term":"Simplified Payment Verification — SPV","genz":"Check a payment’s inclusion without downloading every transaction.","plain":"A lightweight method for verifying blockchain payment evidence.","technical":"Uses block headers and Merkle proofs under chain-security assumptions; inclusion is not complete independent transaction validation.","proposed":false},{"id":1299,"term":"SKALE Token — SKL","genz":"The asset supporting SKALE’s network economics.","plain":"A token associated with SKALE participation and governance.","technical":"A protocol asset supporting functions such as staking and network incentives under version-specific rules.","proposed":false},{"id":1300,"term":"SKALE Elastic Sidechains — historical terminology","genz":"Configurable chains allocated from a shared pool of resources.","plain":"Application-focused blockchains within SKALE’s architecture.","technical":"A design using virtualised validator resources and configurable chains; historical provisioning details may differ from current implementations.","proposed":false},{"id":1301,"term":"SKALE Network","genz":"Infrastructure for running applications across multiple specialised chains.","plain":"A blockchain network associated with Ethereum-compatible applications.","technical":"A multi-chain execution system with its own validator and economic architecture; distinguish it from an Ethereum rollup.","proposed":false},{"id":1302,"term":"SKALE Node Core — architecture terminology","genz":"A validator machine contributing resources to several chain workloads.","plain":"A node component within SKALE’s network design.","technical":"Infrastructure capable of hosting virtualised chain-processing instances under protocol allocation rules.","proposed":false},{"id":1303,"term":"SKALE Virtualised Subnode","genz":"One slice of a node’s resources assigned to a chain.","plain":"A virtual component supporting a particular SKALE chain.","technical":"A resource-partitioned execution instance allowing physical infrastructure to support multiple chain workloads.","proposed":false},{"id":1304,"term":"Skynet — Sia, historical","genz":"Decentralised content delivery from the Sia ecosystem—not the movie villain.","plain":"A historical platform for hosting and distributing content.","technical":"A Sia-associated storage and retrieval layer; product history should not imply current service availability.","proposed":false},{"id":1305,"term":"Slashing","genz":"Break certain validator rules and some staked funds can be taken.","plain":"A protocol penalty reducing a participant’s stake.","technical":"Stake destruction or confiscation for defined violations; ordinary downtime penalties and slashing are not always equivalent.","proposed":false},{"id":1306,"term":"Slippage","genz":"The trade fills at a different price from the one you expected.","plain":"The difference between a reference price and actual execution.","technical":"An execution deviation caused by liquidity, price movement or routing; it can be favourable or adverse.","proposed":false},{"id":1307,"term":"Slot — Cardano","genz":"A scheduled block-production opportunity—not a promise a block appears.","plain":"A defined unit of time within Cardano’s consensus schedule.","technical":"A protocol interval in which eligible leaders may produce blocks; slots are grouped into epochs.","proposed":false},{"id":1308,"term":"Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises — SMEs","genz":"Smaller businesses, defined by the rulebook—not just their office size.","plain":"Businesses below specified size thresholds.","technical":"A classification using criteria such as employees, turnover or assets, varying by jurisdiction and programme.","proposed":false},{"id":1309,"term":"Small Cap","genz":"A smaller market-cap asset, often with thinner trading liquidity.","plain":"An asset with a relatively low market capitalisation.","technical":"A context-dependent size category; thresholds vary across asset classes and data providers.","proposed":false},{"id":1310,"term":"SMART Alpha — BarnBridge, historical","genz":"Split price exposure into different risk-sharing buckets.","plain":"A product design allocating asset-price risk between participants.","technical":"A historical structured-DeFi mechanism using tranches with different downside and upside participation.","proposed":false},{"id":1311,"term":"Smart Contract","genz":"Code enforcing programmed rules—not a guarantee the rules are wise.","plain":"Software executed under a blockchain’s rules.","technical":"On-chain logic controlling state transitions; contracts can contain bugs, administrative powers or upgrade mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":1312,"term":"Scilla — Zilliqa","genz":"A smart-contract language designed to make security reasoning easier.","plain":"A programming language developed for Zilliqa contracts.","technical":"A language separating computation and communication to support formal reasoning; language choice alone does not prove safety.","proposed":false},{"id":1313,"term":"Smart Home","genz":"Connected devices automate the house—and add security responsibilities.","plain":"A home using networked devices for monitoring or control.","technical":"An IoT environment combining sensors, actuators, controllers and local or cloud services.","proposed":false},{"id":1314,"term":"Smart Order Router — SOR","genz":"Finds a trading route using the prices, size and costs available.","plain":"Software selecting where and how to execute orders.","technical":"A routing engine optimising specified execution objectives under liquidity, fee, latency and venue constraints.","proposed":false},{"id":1315,"term":"Smart Pool — Balancer, historical terminology","genz":"A liquidity pool with settings controlled by programmed management rules.","plain":"A configurable pool managed through smart contracts.","technical":"A historical Balancer design supporting adjustable parameters; available controls depend on pool type and version.","proposed":false},{"id":1316,"term":"Smart Token","genz":"A token with programmed behaviour—not limitless intelligence.","plain":"A broad label for tokens with configurable functions.","technical":"A non-standard category that can refer to transfer rules, reserve mechanisms or other contract-defined behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":1317,"term":"Smart Treasury — Balancer-related concept","genz":"Put treasury management into programmable pool rules—with investment risk attached.","plain":"An automated approach to managing organisational assets.","technical":"A treasury strategy using liquidity-pool mechanisms, configurable weights and permissions; fees do not guarantee positive returns.","proposed":false},{"id":1318,"term":"SMART Yield — BarnBridge, historical","genz":"Divide pooled yield risk into senior and junior pieces.","plain":"A structured product allocating returns and losses between tranches.","technical":"A historical DeFi design redistributing variable yield exposure through tranche-specific payment priorities.","proposed":false},{"id":1319,"term":"Smishing","genz":"Phishing arrives as a text message.","plain":"Fraudulent SMS messages seeking information or harmful actions.","technical":"Social engineering through mobile messaging, commonly using impersonation, urgency and malicious links.","proposed":false},{"id":1320,"term":"Smooth Love Potion — SLP","genz":"An Axie ecosystem token—not guaranteed income from gaming.","plain":"A token associated with Axie Infinity’s game economy.","technical":"A game-linked asset historically used in breeding mechanics; issuance and utility depend on the game version.","proposed":false},{"id":1321,"term":"Short Message Service — SMS","genz":"Traditional phone-number texting, with limited space and limited security.","plain":"A mobile-network service for short text messages.","technical":"Message capacity depends on encoding; multipart messages can exceed one segment, and SMS lacks end-to-end encryption.","proposed":false},{"id":1322,"term":"Snapshot","genz":"Freeze the data view at a particular moment.","plain":"A record of a system’s state at a specified time.","technical":"A point-in-time representation tied to a timestamp or block; completeness and consistency depend on the capture method.","proposed":false},{"id":1323,"term":"Snowball","genz":"Repeated sampling helps a network converge on a decision.","plain":"A consensus building block associated with Avalanche research.","technical":"A metastable agreement protocol using repeated subsampling and accumulated confidence; it is not synonymous with proof of stake.","proposed":false},{"id":1324,"term":"Social Engineering","genz":"Hack the human decision before hacking the computer.","plain":"Manipulating people into revealing information or taking unsafe actions.","technical":"An attack class exploiting trust, authority, urgency or other behavioural factors to bypass controls.","proposed":false},{"id":1325,"term":"Social Impact Fund","genz":"Invest for measurable social outcomes—not just a wholesome brand story.","plain":"A fund pursuing social or environmental objectives alongside financial aims.","technical":"A vehicle with an impact mandate requiring stated objectives, measurement and assessment of trade-offs.","proposed":false},{"id":1326,"term":"Social Token","genz":"A token built around a person, brand or community.","plain":"A cryptocurrency offering community-related participation or benefits.","technical":"An issuer-defined asset whose utility, rights and value depend on the associated ecosystem and terms.","proposed":false},{"id":1327,"term":"Socios — Chiliz","genz":"Fan engagement through tokens—not ownership of the team.","plain":"A platform offering sports-related digital engagement products.","technical":"An application ecosystem linking fan tokens to issuer-defined access, rewards and limited participation rights.","proposed":false},{"id":1328,"term":"Soft Cap","genz":"The fundraising target considered enough to get started.","plain":"A minimum or initial funding target.","technical":"An offering-defined threshold whose consequences, including refunds or continuation, depend on the sale terms.","proposed":false},{"id":1329,"term":"Soft Fork","genz":"Tighten the blockchain rules while older nodes can still accept compliant blocks.","plain":"A consensus change restricting what counts as valid.","technical":"A rule change whose valid block set is generally a subset of the previous rules; deployment still requires coordination.","proposed":false},{"id":1330,"term":"Soft Peg","genz":"A price target maintained with some flexibility.","plain":"A managed exchange-rate relationship allowing limited movement.","technical":"A reference-value arrangement maintained through policy or market mechanisms rather than an absolutely fixed conversion rule.","proposed":false},{"id":1331,"term":"Software as a Service — SaaS","genz":"Use the application while the provider runs it.","plain":"Software delivered as a managed online service.","technical":"A service model where the provider operates the application stack; pricing need not be subscription-only.","proposed":false},{"id":1332,"term":"Software Development Kit — SDK","genz":"The toolkit for building against a platform.","plain":"A package of tools and resources for developers.","technical":"Libraries, interfaces, examples and utilities supporting a target system; not every SDK includes a compiler.","proposed":false},{"id":1333,"term":"Software Stack","genz":"The layers of technology making an application work.","plain":"A combination of software components used together.","technical":"An architectural collection of runtimes, frameworks, services and infrastructure, often with external dependencies.","proposed":false},{"id":1334,"term":"Software Wallet","genz":"Wallet functions delivered through an app, not a dedicated signing device.","plain":"Software for managing blockchain accounts and transactions.","technical":"An application providing key handling, signing or account interfaces; it may be hot, offline or hardware-connected.","proposed":false},{"id":1335,"term":"Solana — SOL","genz":"A smart-contract network with SOL as its native asset.","plain":"A blockchain supporting applications, payments and tokens.","technical":"A proof-of-stake network using specialised execution and ordering mechanisms; SOL supports fees and staking, and fees are not universally burned.","proposed":false},{"id":1336,"term":"Solid-State Drive — SSD","genz":"Storage without spinning disks.","plain":"A storage device typically using flash memory.","technical":"Non-volatile semiconductor storage with performance and endurance characteristics determined by controller, interface and memory technology.","proposed":false},{"id":1337,"term":"Solidity","genz":"A language for writing EVM smart-contract rules.","plain":"A programming language used for Ethereum-compatible contracts.","technical":"A statically typed, contract-oriented language compiled to EVM-targeted code and associated metadata.","proposed":false},{"id":1338,"term":"Solo Mining","genz":"Chase blocks yourself and accept the unpredictable reward schedule.","plain":"Mining without sharing rewards through a pool.","technical":"Independent block-production attempts with highly variable payout timing; infrastructure and operating costs still apply.","proposed":false},{"id":1339,"term":"Solvency","genz":"Can the organisation meet its obligations overall—not just today’s withdrawals?","plain":"The ability to satisfy financial liabilities.","technical":"A balance-sheet and long-term obligation concept distinct from liquidity; asset valuations and contingent liabilities matter.","proposed":false},{"id":1340,"term":"Somnium Space CUBE","genz":"A token associated with Somnium Space’s virtual economy.","plain":"A cryptocurrency used within the Somnium Space ecosystem.","technical":"An ERC-20 utility asset whose supported uses depend on platform rules and integrations.","proposed":false},{"id":1341,"term":"Somnium Space","genz":"A shared virtual world for avatars, experiences and digital property.","plain":"A virtual-world platform associated with immersive social experiences.","technical":"A persistent multi-user environment integrating virtual assets; access methods and ownership rights are platform-dependent.","proposed":false},{"id":1342,"term":"Source Code","genz":"The instructions developers write before the software does its thing.","plain":"Human-readable instructions defining a software program.","technical":"Program text processed by compilers, interpreters or other tooling; source availability alone does not prove the deployed binary matches.","proposed":false},{"id":1343,"term":"Source-Code Fork","genz":"Copy the codebase and develop a separate version.","plain":"A new software project derived from existing source code.","technical":"Repository or implementation divergence; it does not necessarily split a blockchain’s history or constitute a consensus hard fork.","proposed":false},{"id":1344,"term":"Spartacus Attack — specialist terminology","genz":"An attacker impersonates a trusted node instead of earning that trust.","plain":"A described attack involving stolen network identities.","technical":"An identity-impersonation attack against reputation-based peer systems; the exact model is source-specific rather than a universal blockchain category.","proposed":false},{"id":1345,"term":"SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust — SPY","genz":"An exchange-traded way to follow the S&P 500.","plain":"An investment product designed to track the S&P 500 Index.","technical":"A listed index-tracking trust; investor returns reflect expenses, distributions and tracking differences.","proposed":false},{"id":1346,"term":"Spear Phishing","genz":"A phishing attempt personalised to look convincing to you.","plain":"Deceptive communications targeting a specific person or organisation.","technical":"Targeted social engineering using contextual information to increase credibility and induce compromise.","proposed":false},{"id":1347,"term":"Speculative Investment","genz":"A bet on an uncertain upside—with a real chance of losing capital.","plain":"An investment involving substantial uncertainty about future value.","technical":"Exposure relying heavily on favourable future developments or repricing; high risk does not establish high expected reward.","proposed":false},{"id":1348,"term":"SPL Token Standard — Solana","genz":"The shared rules for tokens living on Solana.","plain":"Token-program interfaces used in the Solana ecosystem.","technical":"Solana token programmes manage mint and account state; tokens do not each require a sovereign blockchain.","proposed":false},{"id":1349,"term":"Spot Market","genz":"Trade the asset itself for normal near-term delivery.","plain":"A market for buying and selling assets rather than future-delivery contracts.","technical":"A market with standard settlement conventions, which are not necessarily instantaneous.","proposed":false},{"id":1350,"term":"Spot Trading","genz":"Buy or sell the underlying asset—not a derivative tracking it.","plain":"Trading assets for normal delivery and settlement.","technical":"Direct underlying-asset exposure; spot positions can still be financed with borrowing or margin.","proposed":false},{"id":1351,"term":"SPV Chain Simulation — Clover, historical claim","genz":"A proposed bridge-verification approach—not automatic trustlessness.","plain":"A cross-chain mechanism described in Clover’s earlier architecture.","technical":"A project-specific interoperability claim requiring a concrete verification model, implementation and security assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1352,"term":"Spyware","genz":"Software quietly collecting information you did not intend to share.","plain":"Software monitoring activity or gathering data without appropriate consent.","technical":"Surveillance-oriented software capturing information such as inputs, communications or browsing; not every cookie is spyware.","proposed":false},{"id":1353,"term":"Stablecoin","genz":"Designed to stay near a reference price—not guaranteed stable.","plain":"A token intended to maintain a relatively stable value.","technical":"An asset targeting a reference through reserves, collateral or other mechanisms, with design-specific failure and redemption risks.","proposed":false},{"id":1354,"term":"Stake — EOSIO resource context","genz":"Commit tokens to obtain protocol-defined computing resources.","plain":"A resource-allocation mechanism associated with EOSIO systems.","technical":"Token commitment historically used for CPU and NET access; resource models differ across chains and versions.","proposed":false},{"id":1355,"term":"Staking","genz":"Commit assets to network security—not just any app offering “yield.”","plain":"Participating in a proof-of-stake system using committed assets.","technical":"An economic-security mechanism involving protocol-defined duties, rewards and penalties; the term is also used loosely in marketing.","proposed":false},{"id":1356,"term":"Staking Derivative","genz":"A separate instrument representing exposure to staked assets.","plain":"A token or contract linked to a staking position.","technical":"A claim whose value reflects underlying stake and rewards, subject to slashing, liquidity, redemption and counterparty risks.","proposed":false},{"id":1357,"term":"Staking Pool","genz":"Combine participants’ stake—not necessarily their computing power.","plain":"An arrangement pooling or coordinating staking participation.","technical":"A service aggregating stake or delegations, with operator, custody and reward-sharing terms.","proposed":false},{"id":1358,"term":"Stalling Delay — malware terminology","genz":"Malicious software waits before showing its real behaviour.","plain":"A delay intended to complicate malware detection or analysis.","technical":"A timing-based evasion technique; delays may outlast observation windows but do not guarantee concealment.","proposed":false},{"id":1359,"term":"Standard Deviation","genz":"How spread out the numbers are around their average.","plain":"A measure of variability in a dataset.","technical":"The square root of variance; it treats positive and negative deviations symmetrically and is not a complete risk measure.","proposed":false},{"id":1360,"term":"Startup","genz":"An early venture still figuring out whether its business model works.","plain":"A young business developing a product and market.","technical":"Commonly an organisation seeking a repeatable, scalable model under uncertainty; not every new small business fits that usage.","proposed":false},{"id":1361,"term":"State","genz":"The system’s current situation, not every event that ever happened.","plain":"The information describing a system at a particular point.","technical":"Values sufficient to determine subsequent behaviour under inputs and rules; current state differs from complete historical records.","proposed":false},{"id":1362,"term":"State Channel","genz":"Participants update things privately, with the blockchain available to enforce the outcome.","plain":"An off-chain arrangement for repeated interactions between participants.","technical":"A protocol using signed state updates and base-layer settlement or dispute mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":1363,"term":"State Machine Replication — SMR","genz":"Several machines follow the same agreed instructions to stay consistent.","plain":"Replicating a service across machines for fault tolerance.","technical":"Replicas apply an agreed operation sequence to a state machine, subject to deterministic execution and failure assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1364,"term":"Status Network Token — SNT","genz":"A token associated with Status’s application ecosystem.","plain":"An asset designed for functions within the Status project.","technical":"An Ethereum-based utility token; governance and application uses depend on implemented features rather than historical promises.","proposed":false},{"id":1365,"term":"Stellar — XLM","genz":"A network built for moving value, with XLM as its native asset.","plain":"A blockchain supporting payments and issued assets.","technical":"A ledger using Stellar Consensus Protocol; asset transfers depend on issuer, liquidity and network constraints.","proposed":false},{"id":1366,"term":"Stock-Keeping Unit — SKU","genz":"The shop’s internal label for exactly which item it means.","plain":"An identifier used to manage a distinct inventory item.","technical":"A merchant-defined product-variant code, distinct from a universal barcode or individual serial number.","proposed":false},{"id":1367,"term":"Stop-Loss Order","genz":"Trigger an exit when the market crosses a level—but execution is not guaranteed there.","plain":"An order activated by a specified stop condition.","technical":"A stop-market order prioritises execution after triggering; a stop-limit order can remain unfilled.","proposed":false},{"id":1368,"term":"Storage Miner — Filecoin terminology","genz":"A provider paid for storing data and proving it.","plain":"A participant supplying storage to Filecoin clients.","technical":"A storage-provider role using collateral and cryptographic proofs; storage provision differs from retrieval services.","proposed":false},{"id":1369,"term":"Storage Node — Storj","genz":"Contribute spare disk space and bandwidth under the network’s rules.","plain":"A computer storing and serving pieces of customer data.","technical":"A provider hosting encrypted, distributed data segments and responding to audits and retrieval requests.","proposed":false},{"id":1370,"term":"Store of Value","genz":"Something you expect to carry purchasing power into the future.","plain":"An asset used to preserve value over time.","technical":"A monetary or investment function assessed against horizon, liquidity and real purchasing power—not nominal price alone.","proposed":false},{"id":1371,"term":"Storj","genz":"Files distributed across storage providers rather than kept in one place.","plain":"A platform providing distributed object storage.","technical":"A system using encryption and erasure coding across storage nodes; customer files are not stored directly on a blockchain.","proposed":false},{"id":1372,"term":"STRIDE","genz":"A checklist for asking how a system could be attacked.","plain":"A framework for categorising security threats.","technical":"Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service and Elevation of Privilege.","proposed":false},{"id":1373,"term":"Strike Price","genz":"The agreed price used when an option is exercised.","plain":"The price specified in an options contract.","technical":"The contractual exercise reference; it can be exchange-listed or privately negotiated and differs from the option premium.","proposed":false},{"id":1374,"term":"Stroop","genz":"A tiny unit of Stellar’s XLM.","plain":"One ten-millionth of a lumen.","technical":"1 stroop = 10⁻⁷ XLM; one XLM contains ten million stroops.","proposed":false},{"id":1375,"term":"Subgraph — The Graph","genz":"A custom index that makes selected blockchain information easy to query.","plain":"A definition and dataset for indexing specific blockchain activity.","technical":"A schema, mappings and data-source configuration producing queryable entities through indexing infrastructure.","proposed":false},{"id":1376,"term":"Subgraph Manifest","genz":"The indexer’s instructions for what to watch and how to process it.","plain":"A configuration file defining a subgraph’s data sources and behaviour.","technical":"A declarative manifest referencing sources, event handlers and mappings; it does not autonomously “learn” what to index.","proposed":false},{"id":1377,"term":"Subnetwork — Subnet","genz":"A smaller network inside a wider network setup.","plain":"A subdivision of a larger network.","technical":"Meaning is context-specific: an IP-address partition, validator grouping or other network subset—not necessarily a blockchain.","proposed":false},{"id":1378,"term":"Substrate","genz":"A toolkit for building blockchains without starting from zero.","plain":"A framework associated with developing custom blockchains.","technical":"Modular blockchain-building technology within the Polkadot SDK ecosystem; using it does not automatically connect a chain to Polkadot.","proposed":false},{"id":1379,"term":"Substrate Builders Program — historical programme","genz":"Support for teams building with Substrate—not an automatic funding cheque.","plain":"A programme associated with helping Substrate-based projects.","technical":"An ecosystem-support initiative whose eligibility, assistance and availability depend on programme terms.","proposed":false},{"id":1380,"term":"Supermini — Akash, historical concept","genz":"A proposed compact device for contributing computing resources.","plain":"Hardware promoted in connection with Akash’s decentralised cloud vision.","technical":"A historical compute-provider concept, not proof-of-work mining or evidence of guaranteed AKT earnings.","proposed":false},{"id":1381,"term":"Sushi Liquidity Provider Token — SLP","genz":"A receipt for a Sushi liquidity position—not Axie’s SLP.","plain":"A token representing a share in certain Sushi liquidity pools.","technical":"A pool-position claim reflecting reserves and accumulated economics; concentrated-liquidity designs may use different representations.","proposed":false},{"id":1382,"term":"Derivative Swap","genz":"Two parties exchange specified financial cash flows.","plain":"A contract exchanging payments calculated under agreed rules.","technical":"A derivative referencing rates, currencies, returns or other variables; principal exchange depends on the contract type.","proposed":false},{"id":1383,"term":"Swarm — BitTorrent","genz":"Everyone sharing pieces of the same torrent.","plain":"The group of peers participating in a torrent transfer.","technical":"A peer set identified by torrent metadata, including complete seeds and partial downloaders.","proposed":false},{"id":1384,"term":"Swing Trader","genz":"Tries to catch moves lasting longer than a few minutes.","plain":"A trader seeking gains over days or weeks.","technical":"A short- to medium-horizon trading style exposed to overnight gaps, trend changes and execution costs.","proposed":false},{"id":1385,"term":"Switcheo — historical project context","genz":"A trading project with roots in the Neo ecosystem.","plain":"A project associated with decentralised and cross-chain trading infrastructure.","technical":"Historical exchange and token architecture whose supported chains and mechanics evolved over time.","proposed":false},{"id":1386,"term":"Sybil Attack","genz":"One attacker pretends to be lots of independent participants.","plain":"An attack using multiple controlled identities.","technical":"A manipulation of identity-based influence or connectivity; consensus systems use resource or identity constraints to resist it.","proposed":false},{"id":1387,"term":"Symmetric Encryption","genz":"The same secret key locks and unlocks the data.","plain":"Encryption using a shared secret for encryption and decryption.","technical":"A key-based confidentiality mechanism; secure deployment also requires correct modes, nonces and integrity protection.","proposed":false},{"id":1388,"term":"Syntax","genz":"The grammar of code—not what the code actually means.","plain":"Rules governing how valid programming expressions are written.","technical":"The formal structure of language constructs, distinct from semantics and type-system behaviour.","proposed":false},{"id":1389,"term":"Synthetic Asset","genz":"Track an exposure without necessarily owning the thing underneath.","plain":"A financial instrument designed to reproduce another asset’s performance.","technical":"Exposure constructed through contracts, collateral or derivatives rather than direct underlying ownership.","proposed":false},{"id":1390,"term":"Synthetix — SNX","genz":"Infrastructure for on-chain derivative exposure.","plain":"A protocol ecosystem associated with synthetic assets and derivatives.","technical":"A collateral and liquidity architecture whose markets, debt mechanisms and SNX functions differ across versions.","proposed":false},{"id":1391,"term":"Transparent Address — T-Address, Zcash","genz":"A Zcash address type that does not hide activity like a shielded transfer.","plain":"An address used for transparent Zcash transactions.","technical":"A transparent receiver exposes relevant transaction information; privacy depends on the full transaction path.","proposed":false},{"id":1392,"term":"Tailgating / Piggybacking","genz":"Someone follows an authorised person through a door they should not enter.","plain":"Gaining physical access by accompanying someone with permission.","technical":"A physical-security bypass exploiting access-control procedures; terminology sometimes distinguishes awareness or consent.","proposed":false},{"id":1393,"term":"Tamper-Proof","genz":"A claim worth challenging: “hard to alter” is not “impossible to alter.”","plain":"A description suggesting protection against unauthorised changes.","technical":"Prefer “tamper-resistant” or “tamper-evident” with explicit assumptions; blockchains do not provide unconditional immutability.","proposed":false},{"id":1394,"term":"Tangible Asset","genz":"An asset with physical form.","plain":"Property that physically exists, such as equipment or buildings.","technical":"A physical economic resource, distinct from intangible rights or information associated with it.","proposed":false},{"id":1395,"term":"Tangle — IOTA, historical architecture","genz":"IOTA’s earlier DAG-ledger model—not a complete description of its later upgrades.","plain":"The name associated with IOTA’s original transaction graph.","technical":"A directed-acyclic-graph ledger design whose historical mechanics should be separated from subsequent IOTA architectures.","proposed":false},{"id":1396,"term":"Tardigrade — Storj, historical brand","genz":"An earlier customer-facing name for Storj storage services.","plain":"A historical brand associated with Storj’s storage offering.","technical":"A product name from an earlier commercial presentation, not a separate storage-consensus mechanism.","proposed":false},{"id":1397,"term":"tBTC","genz":"A Bitcoin-backed representation usable in another blockchain ecosystem.","plain":"A token designed to represent redeemable Bitcoin.","technical":"A BTC-bridging system with version-specific custody and signing assumptions; supply reflects bridged BTC, not all Bitcoin in existence.","proposed":false},{"id":1398,"term":"TBTC Deposit Token — TDT, historical","genz":"A receipt tied to a deposit in an earlier tBTC design.","plain":"An NFT used to represent a particular Bitcoin deposit arrangement.","technical":"A deposit-specific token in the original tBTC architecture; its role is not universal across later versions.","proposed":false},{"id":1399,"term":"Total Market Cap Token — TCAP","genz":"Synthetic exposure to a market-cap measure—not ownership of every crypto asset.","plain":"A token designed to track a cryptocurrency-market-capitalisation index.","technical":"An oracle-referenced synthetic exposure with collateral and tracking risks, rather than a fully held market portfolio.","proposed":false},{"id":1400,"term":"Technical Analysis — TA","genz":"Study market behaviour in charts—but don’t treat patterns as promises.","plain":"Analysis using historical prices, volume and related market data.","technical":"A family of market-data methods whose predictive value depends on methodology, testing and market conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":1401,"term":"Technical Indicator","genz":"A calculated lens on the chart, not a crystal ball.","plain":"A measure derived from trading data.","technical":"A transformation of price, volume or related observations used for description, filtering or strategy signals.","proposed":false},{"id":1402,"term":"Resistance Level","genz":"A price area where upward moves have struggled before.","plain":"A region associated with selling pressure or stalled advances.","technical":"An inferred supply or reaction zone; it can break and does not establish a fixed price ceiling.","proposed":false},{"id":1403,"term":"Support Level","genz":"A price area where buyers previously stepped in.","plain":"A region associated with buying interest or slowing declines.","technical":"An inferred demand or reaction zone, not a guarantee that price cannot fall further.","proposed":false},{"id":1404,"term":"Telegram","genz":"A messaging app where “encrypted” does not mean every chat is end-to-end encrypted.","plain":"A platform for messaging, groups, channels and other communications.","technical":"Telegram distinguishes end-to-end-encrypted Secret Chats from cloud chats using client–server encryption. Telegram FAQ","proposed":false},{"id":1405,"term":"Tendermint Core BFT","genz":"Validators agree on an ordered ledger under defined fault limits.","plain":"A consensus engine used in blockchain architectures.","technical":"Byzantine-fault-tolerant state-machine replication with voting-power thresholds; safety and liveness rely on specified assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1406,"term":"Terraswap — Terra ecosystem","genz":"Token swapping through liquidity pools in the Terra ecosystem.","plain":"An automated-market-maker application associated with Terra.","technical":"A CosmWasm-based exchange design; supported deployments and assets must be identified by chain and version.","proposed":false},{"id":1407,"term":"TerraUSD — UST, failed peg","genz":"The “stable” token whose dollar peg collapsed.","plain":"An algorithmic stablecoin that lost its peg in May 2022.","technical":"A Terra-linked asset whose stability mechanism failed; it must not be described as maintaining a reliable dollar peg. SEC","proposed":false},{"id":1408,"term":"Testnet","genz":"A place to test blockchain software before risking production assets.","plain":"A network used for development and experimentation.","technical":"A separate ledger with testing-specific parameters and assets; successful tests do not prove mainnet safety.","proposed":false},{"id":1409,"term":"Tether — USDT","genz":"A widely used dollar-linked token—not a bank deposit.","plain":"A stablecoin designed to track the US dollar.","technical":"An issuer-backed token whose peg relies on reserves, redemption arrangements and market confidence.","proposed":false},{"id":1410,"term":"Text-Based User Interface — TUI","genz":"Menus and controls built from terminal characters.","plain":"An interface displayed using text and character-based graphics.","technical":"An interactive terminal UI, distinct from a purely line-oriented command interface.","proposed":false},{"id":1411,"term":"Tezos — XTZ","genz":"A proof-of-stake blockchain with built-in upgrade governance.","plain":"A smart-contract network using XTZ as its native asset.","technical":"A blockchain supporting staking, protocol amendments and programmable applications under its governance and consensus rules.","proposed":false},{"id":1412,"term":"The DAO — historical","genz":"The 2016 Ethereum venture that became a smart-contract cautionary tale.","plain":"An early investment-oriented decentralised organisation affected by a major exploit.","technical":"A contract-based funding project whose 2016 incident contributed to the Ethereum–Ethereum Classic chain split.","proposed":false},{"id":1413,"term":"Gold Standard","genz":"Money tied to a defined amount of gold.","plain":"A monetary system based on gold convertibility or valuation.","technical":"A regime fixing a currency’s relationship to gold; silver standards and bimetallism are separate arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":1414,"term":"Theta Token Minter","genz":"A simpler interface for creating tokens on Theta.","plain":"Tooling for issuing tokens using predefined contract templates.","technical":"A token-deployment interface associated with Theta standards; convenience does not remove contract or issuer risks.","proposed":false},{"id":1415,"term":"Third-Party Storage","genz":"Someone else operates the storage you rely on.","plain":"Storage provided or managed by an external organisation.","technical":"A service arrangement introducing availability, confidentiality and recovery dependencies; storing files differs from holding asset-signing keys.","proposed":false},{"id":1416,"term":"Threshold Relay — historical DFINITY terminology","genz":"Randomness and committee coordination using shared cryptographic authority.","plain":"A consensus-related design described in DFINITY’s earlier work.","technical":"Historical threshold-signature and randomness mechanisms; the term should not replace a current, complete Internet Computer consensus specification.","proposed":false},{"id":1417,"term":"Threshold Signature","genz":"Enough key-share holders cooperate to produce one valid signature.","plain":"A signature requiring participation from a defined subset of parties.","technical":"Distributed signing without necessarily reconstructing the private key, distinct from an on-chain multisignature policy.","proposed":false},{"id":1418,"term":"Throughput","genz":"How much useful work gets completed per unit of time.","plain":"A system’s processing rate.","technical":"Completed operations per time interval under stated workload and finality conditions; throughput differs from individual-transaction latency.","proposed":false},{"id":1419,"term":"Ticker","genz":"The asset’s shorthand—not a unique identity badge.","plain":"A short symbol used to identify a traded asset.","technical":"A display identifier that may collide across projects; chain and contract address provide stronger token identification.","proposed":false},{"id":1420,"term":"Ticket Price — Decred","genz":"The DCR commitment needed to obtain a voting ticket.","plain":"The protocol-determined cost of purchasing a Decred staking ticket.","technical":"A dynamically adjusted staking-difficulty parameter influenced by ticket-pool conditions; it is distinct from transaction fees.","proposed":false},{"id":1421,"term":"Ticket Splitting — Decred","genz":"Several holders share the cost of a staking ticket.","plain":"A mechanism allowing participants to contribute towards one ticket.","technical":"A coordination arrangement with implementation-specific funding, voting and payout rules; minimum amounts are not universal.","proposed":false},{"id":1422,"term":"Tickets — Decred","genz":"Staked participation rights, not freely tradeable event tickets.","plain":"Records used to participate in Decred’s proof-of-stake voting.","technical":"Protocol-managed staking entries selected for voting under lifecycle rules covering selection, expiry and revocation.","proposed":false},{"id":1423,"term":"Time-Based One-Time Password — TOTP","genz":"A login code that changes with the clock.","plain":"A temporary authentication code generated from a shared secret and time.","technical":"An HOTP-derived algorithm using a time-step counter; codes are deterministic and remain vulnerable to real-time phishing.","proposed":false},{"id":1424,"term":"Time-Weighted Average Price — TWAP","genz":"Average price over time—or a strategy spreading trades across time.","plain":"A price benchmark weighted by how long prices apply.","technical":"Distinguish the time-weighted benchmark from TWAP execution algorithms, which cannot guarantee fills at that benchmark.","proposed":false},{"id":1425,"term":"Timelock — correcting “TimeLock Key”","genz":"A deadline unlocks a permitted action—not an automatic refund fairy.","plain":"A rule preventing an action until a specified time or block.","technical":"In swaps, a timelock can enable a refund path; an authorised party generally must submit the required transaction.","proposed":false},{"id":1426,"term":"Timestamp","genz":"A recorded time—not proof the clock was perfectly accurate.","plain":"A value identifying when an event was recorded or occurred.","technical":"A time representation whose precision, trust and meaning depend on the source; blockchain timestamps need not be unique per transaction.","proposed":false},{"id":1427,"term":"Timing-Based Evasion","genz":"Malware changes when it acts to avoid being noticed.","plain":"Techniques using timing to complicate security detection.","technical":"Evasion based on delayed or condition-dependent behaviour; defensive analysis must account for observation-window limitations.","proposed":false},{"id":1428,"term":"Token","genz":"A digital unit with rules—not automatically ownership or guaranteed value.","plain":"A ledger-recorded unit representing value, access or another function.","technical":"A protocol-defined asset or claim; implementations may use smart contracts, native programmes or other ledger mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":1429,"term":"Token Basket","genz":"Several assets grouped into one portfolio or exposure.","plain":"A collection of tokens considered or managed together.","technical":"A weighted asset set whose diversification depends on composition, correlations, concentration and rebalancing rules.","proposed":false},{"id":1430,"term":"Token Generation Event — TGE","genz":"The project’s token-creation milestone—not necessarily trading day one.","plain":"An event associated with creating or initially distributing tokens.","technical":"A project-defined launch milestone that may differ from fundraising, claim availability, vesting commencement or exchange listing.","proposed":false},{"id":1431,"term":"Token Issuance","genz":"Create and release tokens under a defined set of rules.","plain":"The process of bringing tokens into existence or circulation.","technical":"Authorised minting or allocation that must distinguish total issuance from circulating supply.","proposed":false},{"id":1432,"term":"Token Lockup","genz":"You have an allocation, but you cannot freely transfer it yet.","plain":"A restriction preventing token transfers for a period or condition.","technical":"A contractual or on-chain transfer constraint; lockups and progressive vesting are related but not identical.","proposed":false},{"id":1433,"term":"Token Migration","genz":"Move from the old token setup to the new one.","plain":"Transitioning tokens to another contract or blockchain.","technical":"A conversion process requiring defined mappings, authorisation and supply accounting; old and new assets may coexist temporarily.","proposed":false},{"id":1434,"term":"Token Sale","genz":"A project sells tokens—check what buyers actually receive.","plain":"An offering exchanging tokens for money or other assets.","technical":"A distribution mechanism with defined rights, pricing and restrictions; no universal private–presale–public sequence exists.","proposed":false},{"id":1435,"term":"Token Supply","genz":"“How many tokens?” needs a second question: which supply measure?","plain":"The quantity of tokens measured under a stated definition.","technical":"Distinguish issued, total, circulating, locked and maximum supply, including treatment of burns and inaccessible holdings.","proposed":false},{"id":1436,"term":"Token Swap","genz":"Either exchange one asset for another or replace an old token.","plain":"A token trade or a migration conversion.","technical":"An ambiguous term requiring clarification between market execution and protocol-defined asset replacement.","proposed":false},{"id":1437,"term":"Tokenisation","genz":"Represent an asset or right digitally—not magically transfer its legal ownership.","plain":"Creating a token linked to an asset, entitlement or function.","technical":"A digital representation requiring enforceable off-chain arrangements when it references real-world rights or property.","proposed":false},{"id":1438,"term":"Token Standard","genz":"Shared interface rules so wallets and apps know how the token behaves.","plain":"A specification defining common token functions and data.","technical":"An interoperability contract covering interfaces and expected semantics; compliance does not guarantee safe implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":1439,"term":"Tokenisation Value Chain","genz":"Everything from creating the token to settling trades and servicing ownership.","plain":"The activities involved in issuing and managing tokenised assets.","technical":"A lifecycle spanning origination, legal structuring, issuance, distribution, trading, custody, settlement and ongoing administration.","proposed":false},{"id":1440,"term":"Tokenised Representation","genz":"A token standing in for another asset—not necessarily the asset itself.","plain":"A digital token representing an underlying asset or claim.","technical":"A representation backed through custody, collateral or another mechanism; redemption and equivalence depend on enforceable arrangements.","proposed":false},{"id":1441,"term":"Tokenised Security","genz":"Traditional investment, blockchain outfit.","plain":"A financial security represented by a digital token.","technical":"A token representing legally defined securities rights; 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anonymity is not absolute.","proposed":false},{"id":1448,"term":"Torrent","genz":"Downloading with the whole squad.","plain":"Content shared through a peer-to-peer file-distribution system.","technical":"A BitTorrent distribution job, commonly identified through torrent metadata or a magnet link.","proposed":false},{"id":1449,"term":"Total Market Capitalisation","genz":"The market’s combined price tag.","plain":"The combined market value of a defined group of assets.","technical":"The sum of constituent market capitalisations, subject to supply definitions and double-counting controls.","proposed":false},{"id":1450,"term":"Total Supply","genz":"Tokens existing—not tokens promised.","plain":"The number of issued tokens remaining after recognised burns.","technical":"Issued supply less permanently destroyed units; distinct from circulating supply and maximum supply.","proposed":false},{"id":1451,"term":"Total Value Locked — TVL","genz":"How much crypto is parked.","plain":"The value of assets deposited in a protocol or group of protocols.","technical":"A valuation of deposited assets; methodology, price changes and recursive deposits affect comparability.","proposed":false},{"id":1452,"term":"Traceability","genz":"Following the digital breadcrumbs.","plain":"The ability to follow an asset or transaction’s history.","technical":"The extent to which transaction paths and provenance can be reconstructed from available records.","proposed":false},{"id":1453,"term":"Tracking Cookie","genz":"A website remembering your moves.","plain":"Browser-stored information used to recognise or track activity.","technical":"An HTTP cookie used to associate sessions or behaviour with an identifier.","proposed":false},{"id":1454,"term":"Trade Execution Coordinator","genz":"The trade’s traffic controller.","plain":"A component coordinating how trades are carried out.","technical":"An architecture separating execution coordination from liquidity aggregation or other exchange functions.","proposed":false},{"id":1455,"term":"Trading Bot","genz":"Trading instructions with no bedtime.","plain":"Software that places trades according to programmed rules.","technical":"An automated system generating or executing orders from configured signals and constraints.","proposed":false},{"id":1456,"term":"Trading Volume","genz":"How much actually changed hands.","plain":"The amount of an asset traded during a period.","technical":"Executed quantity or notional value aggregated over a specified market and interval.","proposed":false},{"id":1457,"term":"TradingView","genz":"Charts and trader group-chat energy.","plain":"A platform for financial charts and market analysis.","technical":"A charting and analytical platform supporting indicators, scripts and market-data visualisation.","proposed":false},{"id":1458,"term":"Traditional Finance — TradFi","genz":"Finance before the DeFi plot twist.","plain":"Conventional banking, investment and financial services.","technical":"Financial intermediation through established institutions, markets and legal infrastructure.","proposed":false},{"id":1459,"term":"Traditional Value Chain","genz":"Finance’s behind-the-scenes relay team.","plain":"The organisations and steps involved in delivering financial services.","technical":"Linked functions including issuance, distribution, trading, clearing, settlement and custody.","proposed":false},{"id":1460,"term":"Tranche","genz":"Same investment pool, different seats.","plain":"A portion of an investment with its own conditions.","technical":"A structured-finance slice with specified payment priority, maturity or risk exposure.","proposed":false},{"id":1461,"term":"Transaction — TX","genz":"An instruction hitting the chain.","plain":"A recorded action such as sending tokens or using a contract.","technical":"A protocol-valid instruction requesting a ledger or application-state transition.","proposed":false},{"id":1462,"term":"Transaction Cost Analysis","genz":"Checking what the trade really cost.","plain":"An assessment of trading costs and execution quality.","technical":"Evaluation of fees, spread, market impact and execution prices against defined benchmarks.","proposed":false},{"id":1463,"term":"Transaction Fee","genz":"The network’s processing bill.","plain":"A charge for submitting or executing a transaction.","technical":"A protocol-defined charge for transaction inclusion, computation or resource consumption.","proposed":false},{"id":1464,"term":"Transaction ID — TXID","genz":"Your transaction’s tracking number.","plain":"An identifier used to locate a transaction.","technical":"A transaction identifier, often a cryptographic hash; its existence alone does not establish finality.","proposed":false},{"id":1465,"term":"Transaction Settlement Time","genz":"How long until it’s properly done.","plain":"The time required for a transfer to reach the required completion state.","technical":"Elapsed time to a defined settlement or finality condition, not merely broadcast or initial inclusion.","proposed":false},{"id":1466,"term":"Transactions Per Hour — TPH","genz":"The network’s hourly throughput count.","plain":"The number of transactions processed in an hour.","technical":"Transaction throughput measured over an hourly interval under specified counting rules.","proposed":false},{"id":1467,"term":"Transactions Per Minute — TPM","genz":"The network’s minute-by-minute pace.","plain":"The number of transactions processed in a minute.","technical":"Transaction throughput measured over a sixty-second interval.","proposed":false},{"id":1468,"term":"Transactions Per Second — TPS","genz":"Speed stats—with context required.","plain":"The number of transactions processed each second.","technical":"A throughput measure dependent on workload, transaction definition and finality assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1469,"term":"Transcoder","genz":"Giving video a different outfit.","plain":"Software or hardware that converts video between formats.","technical":"A component that decodes and re-encodes media; 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identification depends on method and timeframe.","proposed":false},{"id":1478,"term":"Trend Analysis","genz":"Studying the direction, not manifesting it.","plain":"Examining historical movement to understand market behaviour.","technical":"Analysis of directional patterns using price, volume or other time-series observations.","proposed":false},{"id":1479,"term":"Trend Line","genz":"Connecting the market’s breadcrumbs.","plain":"A chart line connecting selected highs or lows.","technical":"A fitted or manually drawn line visualising directional structure or potential support and resistance.","proposed":false},{"id":1480,"term":"Triangle Formation","genz":"Price getting squeezed into a corner.","plain":"A chart pattern in which price swings narrow.","technical":"Converging price boundaries classified as ascending, descending or symmetrical; breakouts are not guaranteed.","proposed":false},{"id":1481,"term":"Tribute to Talk","genz":"A cover charge for your inbox.","plain":"A Status concept intended to discourage unwanted messages.","technical":"A historical token-based messaging permission mechanism designed to impose costs on unsolicited contact.","proposed":false},{"id":1482,"term":"Trojan","genz":"Malware wearing a friendly costume.","plain":"Harmful software disguised as something legitimate.","technical":"Malicious software that deceives users about its purpose to gain execution or access.","proposed":false},{"id":1483,"term":"Banking Trojan","genz":"Fake software eyeing your bank login.","plain":"Malware designed to steal banking information or money.","technical":"A Trojan targeting financial credentials, sessions or transaction workflows.","proposed":false},{"id":1484,"term":"Trojan Downloader","genz":"Malware inviting its worse friends.","plain":"Malware that downloads additional harmful programs.","technical":"A malicious loader that retrieves and installs subsequent payloads.","proposed":false},{"id":1485,"term":"Ransomware Trojan","genz":"Your files held hostage.","plain":"Disguised malware that demands payment after compromising a device.","technical":"Malware using encryption, access denial or data theft as leverage for extortion.","proposed":false},{"id":1486,"term":"TRON","genz":"A blockchain built for apps and transfers.","plain":"A blockchain supporting tokens and smart contracts.","technical":"A programmable distributed ledger with native TRX and the TRON Virtual Machine.","proposed":false},{"id":1487,"term":"TRON Virtual Machine — TVM","genz":"TRON’s smart-contract engine room.","plain":"The environment that runs TRON smart contracts.","technical":"A deterministic execution environment for contracts deployed on TRON.","proposed":false},{"id":1488,"term":"TRX","genz":"TRON’s native network coin.","plain":"The main cryptocurrency of the TRON blockchain.","technical":"TRON’s native asset, used within its resource, transaction and governance mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":1489,"term":"TRONZ","genz":"Privacy tools for the TRON universe.","plain":"A TRON-associated initiative for privacy-preserving transactions.","technical":"A privacy technology initiative associated with zero-knowledge-based shielded transaction functionality.","proposed":false},{"id":1490,"term":"Troy Ounce","genz":"Precious metals use their own ounce.","plain":"A unit used to weigh gold and other precious metals.","technical":"A mass unit equal to exactly 31.1034768 grams; 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Announcement","proposed":false},{"id":1492,"term":"Trust Company","genz":"An organisation looking after entrusted assets.","plain":"A company providing trustee, custody or related services.","technical":"An entity authorised to perform specified fiduciary or trust functions under applicable law.","proposed":false},{"id":1493,"term":"Trusted Execution Environment — TEE","genz":"A protected room inside the processor.","plain":"An isolated area for processing sensitive information.","technical":"A hardware-backed environment isolating code and data, subject to its security assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1494,"term":"Trustless","genz":"Less “trust me”, more verification.","plain":"A system designed to reduce reliance on trusted intermediaries.","technical":"A design replacing some discretionary trust with verifiable rules while retaining technical and economic assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1495,"term":"Crypto Tumbler","genz":"Scrambling the transaction breadcrumbs.","plain":"A service or mechanism intended to obscure transaction links.","technical":"A mixing mechanism reducing linkability between incoming and outgoing funds; privacy is not guaranteed.","proposed":false},{"id":1496,"term":"Turing Complete","genz":"Able to run any computable recipe.","plain":"Capable of expressing any computation, given sufficient resources.","technical":"Computationally universal under idealised assumptions of unbounded time and memory.","proposed":false},{"id":1497,"term":"Turnkey Solution","genz":"Ready-made, not build-it-yourself.","plain":"A complete product designed for quick deployment.","technical":"A pre-integrated offering requiring limited implementation work rather than bespoke development.","proposed":false},{"id":1498,"term":"Two-Factor Authentication — 2FA","genz":"Two different locks on your account.","plain":"Signing in using two different kinds of identity proof.","technical":"Authentication combining two distinct factor categories: knowledge, possession or inherence.","proposed":false},{"id":1499,"term":"Two-Way Peg","genz":"A two-way asset conversion bridge.","plain":"A mechanism for moving corresponding asset value between systems.","technical":"A bidirectional conversion arrangement whose backing and security depend on its implementation.","proposed":false},{"id":1500,"term":"Type Checking","genz":"Making sure code uses matching pieces.","plain":"Checking that values are used in compatible ways.","technical":"Verification that program expressions satisfy a language’s type-system constraints.","proposed":false},{"id":1501,"term":"TypeScript","genz":"JavaScript with type-checking guardrails.","plain":"A language that adds static typing to JavaScript.","technical":"A typed JavaScript superset whose types are generally erased during compilation.","proposed":false},{"id":1502,"term":"FinCEN","genz":"America’s financial-crime intelligence desk.","plain":"A US Treasury bureau focused on financial crime.","technical":"The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, responsible for financial intelligence and relevant reporting requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":1503,"term":"UMA Improvement Proposal — UMIP","genz":"A formal suggestion for UMA’s future.","plain":"A document proposing changes to the UMA system.","technical":"A structured governance proposal covering protocol parameters, identifiers or other supported changes.","proposed":false},{"id":1504,"term":"UMA Token","genz":"A token involved in settling disputes.","plain":"A token used in UMA governance and verification processes.","technical":"An asset supporting UMA’s governance and economic dispute-resolution mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":1505,"term":"Unallocated Gold","genz":"Gold owed to you, not your named bar.","plain":"A claim to gold without ownership of specific bars.","technical":"A contractual gold entitlement exposing the holder to the account provider’s credit risk.","proposed":false},{"id":1506,"term":"Unbanked","genz":"Outside the bank-account club.","plain":"Having no account with a bank or comparable institution.","technical":"A financial-inclusion classification based on account ownership, not assumed internet access or income.","proposed":false},{"id":1507,"term":"Uncle Block","genz":"A valid block that missed the main route.","plain":"A block excluded from the main chain in certain mining systems.","technical":"In historical Ethereum proof-of-work, an eligible competing block referenced by a canonical block.","proposed":false},{"id":1508,"term":"Unconfirmed Transaction","genz":"Sent, but not yet in a block.","plain":"A transaction awaiting blockchain inclusion.","technical":"A transaction not yet included in the relevant canonical ledger; inclusion and finality are separate.","proposed":false},{"id":1509,"term":"Underbanked","genz":"A bank account, but limited access.","plain":"Having an account while still lacking suitable financial services.","technical":"A financial-inclusion category reflecting unmet banking needs or reliance on alternative services.","proposed":false},{"id":1510,"term":"UNI Token","genz":"A governance voice in Uniswap.","plain":"The governance token associated with Uniswap.","technical":"A token used to participate in supported Uniswap governance processes.","proposed":false},{"id":1511,"term":"Uniswap","genz":"Token swaps through liquidity pools.","plain":"A protocol for exchanging tokens using smart contracts.","technical":"A decentralised exchange protocol employing automated liquidity mechanisms rather than a conventional central order book.","proposed":false},{"id":1512,"term":"Unit of Account","genz":"The ruler used to measure prices.","plain":"A common unit used to express value.","technical":"A monetary function enabling consistent denomination of prices, debts and accounting balances.","proposed":false},{"id":1513,"term":"US House Financial Services Committee","genz":"Congress’s financial-services oversight table.","plain":"A congressional committee covering major financial-services issues.","technical":"A House committee with legislative and oversight responsibilities across specified financial sectors.","proposed":false},{"id":1514,"term":"Universal Market Access — UMA","genz":"A system for resolving disputed claims.","plain":"A protocol helping applications verify information and settle disagreements.","technical":"An oracle and dispute-resolution architecture using economic incentives and verification mechanisms.","proposed":false},{"id":1515,"term":"Unrealised Profit and Loss","genz":"Gains or losses still on paper.","plain":"Changes in value on investments that remain open.","technical":"Mark-to-market value relative to the applicable cost basis before closing or disposing of the position.","proposed":false},{"id":1516,"term":"Unspent Transaction Output — UTXO","genz":"A spendable piece of on-chain value.","plain":"Cryptocurrency received in an output that has not been spent.","technical":"A transaction output available as an input to a future valid transaction.","proposed":false},{"id":1517,"term":"Unstoppable Domains","genz":"Human-readable names for wallet life.","plain":"A naming service offering blockchain-related domains and identities.","technical":"A domain platform with supported wallet-address resolution and blockchain-based naming products.","proposed":false},{"id":1518,"term":"USD Coin — USDC","genz":"A dollar-targeting digital token.","plain":"A stablecoin intended to track the US dollar.","technical":"An issuer-backed dollar stablecoin; market price, reserve arrangements and redemption access remain distinct considerations.","proposed":false},{"id":1519,"term":"User Experience — UX","genz":"How using the product actually feels.","plain":"The overall experience of using a product or service.","technical":"The combined usability, accessibility, efficiency and perceived quality of user interactions.","proposed":false},{"id":1520,"term":"User Interface — UI","genz":"The buttons, screens and controls.","plain":"The parts of a product people interact with.","technical":"The presentation and interaction layer connecting users with application functionality.","proposed":false},{"id":1521,"term":"Utility Token","genz":"A token with an intended job.","plain":"A token designed to provide access or functionality.","technical":"An asset intended for protocol utility; the label alone does not determine its legal classification.","proposed":false},{"id":1522,"term":"Validator","genz":"Checking blocks before giving the nod.","plain":"A participant that checks blockchain activity under network rules.","technical":"A consensus participant validating and potentially proposing or attesting to blocks.","proposed":false},{"id":1523,"term":"Value Investing","genz":"Looking for value beneath the hype.","plain":"Investing in assets believed to be worth more than their price.","technical":"A strategy comparing market prices with estimated intrinsic value under explicit assumptions.","proposed":false},{"id":1524,"term":"Vault","genz":"A crypto container with rules.","plain":"A structure used to hold or manage digital assets.","technical":"A custody or smart-contract arrangement controlling deposits, withdrawals and potentially investment strategies.","proposed":false},{"id":1525,"term":"Reserve Protocol Vault","genz":"The backing basket behind the token.","plain":"A collateral-holding structure in Reserve’s protocol designs.","technical":"A Reserve collateral mechanism; the glossary’s RSV-era description should be treated as version-specific.","proposed":false},{"id":1526,"term":"VeChain Improvement Proposal — VIP","genz":"VeChain’s formal suggestion box.","plain":"A proposal for changes to VeChain technology or processes.","technical":"A structured specification used to discuss and document VeChain ecosystem improvements.","proposed":false},{"id":1527,"term":"VeChain Token — VET","genz":"VeChain’s main ecosystem asset.","plain":"The primary cryptocurrency associated with VeChainThor.","technical":"A native asset participating in VeChainThor’s economic and governance architecture.","proposed":false},{"id":1528,"term":"Venture Capital — VC","genz":"Funding young companies with big ambitions.","plain":"Investment in businesses expected to grow substantially.","technical":"Private risk capital provided to early-stage or growth businesses, commonly for equity or related rights.","proposed":false},{"id":1529,"term":"Venus Controller","genz":"The lending protocol’s rule checker.","plain":"A contract coordinating Venus lending-market rules.","technical":"A risk-management contract enforcing supported collateral, borrowing and market-interaction constraints.","proposed":false},{"id":1530,"term":"Verifiable Delay Function — VDF","genz":"Slow to compute, quick to check.","plain":"A calculation requiring sequential work whose answer is easily checked.","technical":"A function with prescribed sequential evaluation cost and efficient output verification.","proposed":false},{"id":1531,"term":"Verifiable Random Function — VRF","genz":"Random-looking output with proof attached.","plain":"A function producing a verifiable, unpredictable-looking result.","technical":"A keyed deterministic function producing pseudorandom output and a publicly verifiable correctness proof.","proposed":false},{"id":1532,"term":"Verification Code","genz":"A temporary “prove it’s you” code.","plain":"A code used to confirm access or an action.","technical":"A challenge response, often time-limited or single-use, supporting authentication or verification.","proposed":false},{"id":1533,"term":"Vertical Scalability","genz":"Upgrading one machine’s muscle.","plain":"Increasing capacity by improving an existing machine.","technical":"Scaling resources such as CPU, RAM or storage within a single system instance.","proposed":false},{"id":1534,"term":"Vesting","genz":"Tokens becoming yours on a schedule.","plain":"The process through which allocated assets become accessible or earned.","technical":"Contractual or programmed release of asset rights over time or upon conditions.","proposed":false},{"id":1535,"term":"VeThor — VTHO","genz":"The fuel token for VeChain activity.","plain":"A token used to pay for VeChainThor operations.","technical":"VeChainThor’s transaction-resource asset; issuance mechanics depend on the applicable protocol version.","proposed":false},{"id":1536,"term":"Video Transcoding","genz":"Repacking video for different screens.","plain":"Converting video into another format, resolution or bitrate.","technical":"Decoding and re-encoding video to meet target codec, quality or delivery requirements.","proposed":false},{"id":1537,"term":"Virtual Commodity Association","genz":"An industry self-regulation initiative.","plain":"An initiative established to develop digital-asset industry standards.","technical":"A historical association formed to pursue a self-regulatory framework for virtual-commodity markets.","proposed":false},{"id":1538,"term":"Virtual Machine — VM","genz":"A computer environment made in software.","plain":"Software that behaves like a machine or execution environment.","technical":"An abstraction executing programs through emulated hardware or a defined instruction model.","proposed":false},{"id":1539,"term":"Virtual Private Network — VPN","genz":"An encrypted tunnel—not invisibility mode.","plain":"A connection that routes traffic through a private network tunnel.","technical":"A tunnelling arrangement protecting traffic between endpoints while shifting some trust to the VPN operator.","proposed":false},{"id":1540,"term":"Virtual Reality — VR","genz":"Stepping into a simulated world.","plain":"Technology that creates an immersive digital environment.","technical":"An interactive simulated environment commonly rendered through tracked head-mounted displays.","proposed":false},{"id":1541,"term":"Vishing","genz":"Phishing with a phone voice.","plain":"Fraudulent calls or voice messages seeking sensitive information.","technical":"Voice-channel social engineering intended to obtain credentials, payments or unauthorised actions.","proposed":false},{"id":1542,"term":"Vitalik Buterin","genz":"One of Ethereum’s original architects.","plain":"A programmer and writer who co-founded Ethereum.","technical":"An Ethereum co-founder and author of its original whitepaper.","proposed":false},{"id":1543,"term":"Voice","genz":"An earlier blockchain social-platform experiment.","plain":"A project originally introduced as a blockchain-based social platform.","technical":"A historical EOSIO-associated platform; 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assumptions.","proposed":true},{"id":1808,"term":"Liquidity-Pool Creation Event","genz":"The token gets a trading pool.","plain":"An event establishing a market pool for a token.","technical":"A factory or protocol event identifying a newly instantiated liquidity venue.","proposed":true},{"id":1809,"term":"First-Liquidity Timestamp","genz":"When funds first entered the pool.","plain":"The earliest observed addition of liquidity.","technical":"A timestamp linked to the first qualifying liquidity-provision event.","proposed":true},{"id":1810,"term":"First-Trade Timestamp","genz":"The first observed swap or trade.","plain":"The time of the earliest detected trade.","technical":"The earliest indexed execution event within stated venue coverage.","proposed":true},{"id":1811,"term":"Launch-Liquidity Depth","genz":"How much trading cushion existed at launch?","plain":"Available liquidity around a token’s first trading period.","technical":"A time-specific depth measure requiring pool 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positives.","proposed":true},{"id":1819,"term":"Launch-Data Confidence","genz":"How solid are the launch facts?","plain":"The reliability of available launch information.","technical":"A quality assessment based on provenance, finality, coverage and consistency.","proposed":true},{"id":1820,"term":"Launch-Monitoring Lag","genz":"How late did the radar notice?","plain":"The delay between creation and detection.","technical":"The difference between supported creation time and first successful system observation.","proposed":true},{"id":1821,"term":"Previous-Login Baseline","genz":"The starting point before your return.","plain":"The reference time used for a return-visit comparison.","technical":"A persisted prior-login timestamp captured before replacing it with the current session time.","proposed":true},{"id":1822,"term":"Return-Visit Window","genz":"The exact stretch you were away.","plain":"The interval between the previous baseline and return.","technical":"A bounded comparison 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qualification.","proposed":true},{"id":1918,"term":"Citation Validation","genz":"Does the linked source actually support it?","plain":"Checking that references are accurate and relevant.","technical":"Verification of citation existence, location and evidentiary entailment.","proposed":true},{"id":1919,"term":"Numerical Consistency Check","genz":"Make sure the maths tells one story.","plain":"Checking numbers for agreement and correct calculation.","technical":"Validation of units, arithmetic, denominators, intervals and cross-field constraints.","proposed":true},{"id":1920,"term":"Temporal Consistency Check","genz":"No mixing tomorrow’s facts into yesterday.","plain":"Checking that dates and event order make sense.","technical":"Validation of chronology and information availability across claims and evidence.","proposed":true},{"id":1921,"term":"Entity Consistency Check","genz":"Don’t swap one token for its namesake.","plain":"Checking that the same entity is referenced 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